…resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according to international guidelines are decompression sickness and sickle cell crisis…

…cell carcinoma — these can be treated with cryotherapy by an experienced practitioner in selected cases, but surgery is the standard. Dark skin: a risk of…

…of acute myocardial ischaemia, electrocardiographic findings, cardiac biomarkers, imaging, angiography, and, occasionally, pathological examination. Pathologically, infarction represents myocardial cell death caused by prolonged ischaemia. The…

…radiotracers emit gamma photons directly. These gamma rays are detected by gamma cameras to create tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission…

…by rapid normalization of myocardial cell membrane potentials in the ischemic area. Myocardial cells are capable of normalizing their membrane potentials immediately as oxygen becomes…

…foam cells, and a thin fibrous cap. Disruption of the cap exposes the lipid core and extracellular matrix to circulating blood. Tissue factor within the…

…one contractile cell to another, starting in the endocardium and heading towards the epicardium. As evident from Figure 7 , the vector of the ventricular free…

…state, or brain death. The cause of brain injuries is anoxic cell death, continued dysfunction in cerebral blood flow (autoregulation) after ROSC and cerebral hypoperfusion…

…50% of the ATP remained. Figure 1 . Myocardial ATP concentration after induction of ventricular fibrillation (cardiac arrest). As ATP concentration declines, critical cell functions cease…

… abundant foam cells and macrophages; a thin fibrous cap; positive remodelling; neovascularization; intraplaque haemorrhage; adventitial inflammation; spotty calcification. Nevertheless, the presence of these features does…

…the heart has an electrical conduction system composed of specialized myocardial cells (henceforth referred to as conduction cells). These cells form bundles of fibers that…

…to cell contraction. The spread of an electrical impulse is therefore directly coupled to a mechanical event; this is referred to as electromechanical coupling . The…

…Sample tubes for cell count, chemistry, culture and cytology, and blood culture bottles. Intravenous fluid and a vasopressor prepared. The patient is positioned semi recumbent…

…and, with progression, hyperglycaemia and pancreatic β cell dysfunction. These abnormalities initiate self perpetuating metabolic and inflammatory pathways that injure the vasculature, heart and kidneys…

…duration; it is safe even on the fingers, toes, nose and ears), a 27 G needle, a 2–5 mL syringe. Punches of 2, 3…

…inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the…

…is currently considered the most frequent form of CA worldwide [15]. Clinical Presentation and Course Both AL and ATTR CA typically present as heart failure…

…although the clinical importance of improved adherence remains dependent on sustained follow up and administration. Clinical indications and place in therapy Inclisiran has been approved…

…ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source…

…dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins, macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation…

…factors such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, smoking, and turbulent hemodynamic shear stress. This dysfunction compromises the endothelial barrier, upregulating the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule…

…14 days after a course of chemotherapy, but the timing varies considerably between regimens. Neutropenia can also be caused by haematological malignancy, stem cell transplantation…

…generation of cyclic GMP, which then activates calcium sensitive potassium channels in the cell membrane. Time to onset of action : 1 minute. Duration of action…

…such as decreases in blood pressure and mild azotemia. However, two distinct side effects—nonproductive cough and angioedema—are specifically related to the potentiation of…

…Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as an ischaemic myocardial injury occurring in the context of a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand…

…phenomenon referred to as myocardial stunning . This is a protective mechanism since the cessation of contractions leads to a marked reduction in cell metabolism and…

…The automaticity of the cells in the sinoatrial node is explained by the fact that these cells start leaking sodium (Na + ) into the cell as…

…PCI treated with prasugrel and ASA exhibited a higher risk of major and minor bleeding, as classified by the TIMI system (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction)…

…the puncture went. Indications Unexplained cytopenia in one or more cell lines. Suspected acute leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative neoplasm. Work up and staging of…

…of cyclic GMP, which then activates calcium sensitive potassium channels in the cell membrane. Nitroglycerin is similar in action and pharmacokinetics to nitroprusside, although the…

…may represent a more favorable profile, as the upper limit of the "healthy" range can still harbor significant metabolic risk. 3 For patients with a…

…populations, such as asymptomatic patients with pre excitation who have high risk occupations or participate in competitive athletics. In the context of Brugada syndrome (BrS)…

…or associated with conditions such as systemic sclerosis, HIV infection, cirrhosis, and sickle cell disease. The classification also recognizes vasoreactivity subgroups among patients with idiopathic…

…These assays, referred to as high sensitive cardiac troponin, may actually detect the presence of troponins in most normal persons. In 2017 it was possible…

…between cells via gap junctions, facilitating the propagation of depolarization across the cells. Electrical potential differences arise as the electrical impulse travels through the heart…

…occurs as side effect of drugs, hypoxia, myocarditis and electrolyte disorders. Because the rate (60–100 beats per minute) is on a par with the…

…haemorrhage meeting the criteria for activation of the massive transfusion protocol. Plasma and platelets: in ongoing bleeding with coagulopathy, or as part of balanced transfusion…

…coma may occur Mixed picture of DKA and HHS Overlap is common. Treat as mixed DKA and HHS if the patient has marked hyperosmolality together…

…closer monitoring — the patient cannot feel pressure injury Peripheral neuropathy of other cause As above Severe pain Titrate the pressure up gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with…

…lateral to the rectus sheath, and a cell count plus albumin on the sample. Indications Diagnostic paracentesis: Newly detected ascites — always. Every admission of a…

…inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the…

…including Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis Bicuspid aortic valve Coarctation of the aorta Previous aortic trauma Pregnancy, particularly the third trimester Weightlifting Cocaine use…

…established. The source material identifies chronic intake of approximately 60 g daily in males and 40 g daily in females as capable of causing cardiomyopathy…

…1 diabetes. Traditional factors such as smoking, family history of premature coronary disease, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia did not fully explain the excess coronary risk. Rheumatoid…

…threshold As previously discussed, myocardium may be excited by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold. Stimulation threshold is the minimum amount of…

…thousand individuals. Men are affected roughly ten times as often as women, and men also display the highest risk of experiencing malign ventricular arrhythmias. Brugada…

…inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the…

…joints. Local anaesthesia of the skin and subcutis where needed, lidocaine 10 mg/mL. Sample tubes: an EDTA tube for the cell count and crystals…

…entrance of the coronary sinus and the inferior vena cava, as well as cells around the mitral and tricuspid valves, which possess automaticity. These cells…

…that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an action potential that will spread through the myocardium. Components of an artificial…

…to as atrioventricular (AV) blocks , subdivided according to the degree of block. First , second and third degree AV block may all be diagnosed using the…

…of 1 to 4 breaths per minute. Agonal breathing is frequently seen during the first minute after cardiac arrest. Agonal breathing should be interpreted as…

…call Acute kidney injury, AKI, is a syndrome of rapidly deteriorating renal function. Management is governed not by the creatinine value alone but by the…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ivabradine is a selective inhibitor of the If, or “funny,” current in sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. This current…

…in abnormal depolarization of the ventricular myocardium. This is presumably due to a mismatch between the expansion of contractile cells as compared with conduction cells…

…shaped before induction , a syringe for the cuff, a cuff manometer. A laryngeal mask of the correct size as a rescue airway, and surgical airway…

…egg), of which the maximum dose per 24 hours is 1000 mL. Adverse effects Headache. Nausea. Fever. Atrial fibrillation. Worsening of heart failure. Caution • Used…

…degree AV block) as a result of ischemia/infarction. Sinus Node Dysfunction (SND) – Sinus node dysfunction implies that the cells of the sinoatrial node are…

…common of these are acute pericarditis (perimyocarditis), constrictive pericarditis, pericardial effusion and tamponade. Less common are cysts and tumors of the pericardium, as well as…

…the on call coagulation service Always in parallel: mechanical control of bleeding, tranexamic acid where it is not contraindicated, and contact with the on call…