…arrest. Post resuscitation care is an integral component of the chain of survival. It includes diagnosis of post cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS), optimization of ventilation…

…aims in themselves. Almost all of them have proved to work better as ranges to stay within than as figures to strive for. Ventilation In…

…are supraventricular beats during sinus rhythm. A brief run of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurs after the 4th beat. The VT terminates spontaneously after a…

…9 . Delivery of shock (red arrow), with subsequent asystole. ECG 10 . Recurrence of supraventricular complexes (red arrows). ECG 11 . Relapse of VF and new shock…

CPR Sex : Male Age : 62 years History : Coronary bypass grafting; history of arrhythmias. Medications : beta blockers ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by ventricular tachycardia (VT…

…VT). ECG 2 . Spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 . A single ventricular beat, followed by a three ventricular beats (VT). ECG 4 . Regular…

…fibrillation (VF). ECG 4 . Polymorphic VT progresses to ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 6 . Delivery of shock during ventricular fibrillation (VF).

…there are visible QRS complexes. The signal in the lower lead shows that the rhythm is a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (or even flutter). ECG 3 …

…of the ventricular tachycardia. ECG 4 . Recurrence and spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia. ECG 5 . Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, self terminating. ECG 6 . Repeated runs of…

…or atria. ECG 2. The initial part shows QRS complexes with similar morphology as ECG 1, likely presenting a supraventricular rhythm. Three short bursts of…

…This interval includes: The time from symptom onset to recognition and seeking medical assistance. Prehospital assessment, treatment and transport. Diagnostic assessment and initiation of reperfusion…

…septum, or mitral valve apparatus. These lesions can cause acute severe regurgitation, a left to right shunt, tamponade, or sudden loss of effective cardiac output…

…ischaemic electrocardiographic changes during rapid AF. ST segment depression or T wave inversion can occur without coronary artery disease. Proposed explanations in the source material…

…AVB) may indicate septal involvement in the inflammatory process. A broad spectrum of pharmacologic agents can induce bradycardia or conduction disorders. These include beta blockers…

…of poor vital organ perfusion or frank shock states. In the specific context of perioperative care in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), progression of…

…BLS) includes rapid recognition and treatment of life threatening conditions or injuries, including cardiac arrest, drowning, trauma, asphyxia and respiratory arrest. BLS can be provided…

…not to talk. Otherwise ordinary activities, including work. No showering or bathing. A diary of going to bed, getting up, medication intake, symptoms and any…

…or to confirm a creatinine based value The mean of creatinine and cystatin C The most reliable in routine clinical practice Cockcroft–Gault Still used…

…cutaneous vasculitis, lymphoma or granulomatous disease. A treatment resistant rash without a definite diagnosis. Choice of technique Diagnostic question Method Comment : : : Pigmented lesion, suspected melanoma…

…or to resolution of the underlying cause. Contraindications Hypothermia with a body temperature below about 30 °C — the hypothermic myocardium is irritable and pacing can…

…Oversensing , which means that the pacemaker senses signals that are not true P waves or R waves. Sensing of such signals normally inhibits the pacemaker…

…can induce life threatening arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, with hyperkalemia being the most prevalent electrolyte disturbance observed in cardiac arrest scenarios. Hypocalcemia, although capable of…

…80% of all primary tumors are benign, and the remaining ones are malignant. • Secondary cardiac tumours have spread to the heart by metastasis or invasion…

Echocardiography Diastolic function and echocardiographic assessment The importance of systolic function can be understood on an intuitive basis. Consider the fact that the left ventricle…

…cysts and tumors of the pericardium, as well as congenital malformations leading to an incomplete or absent pericardium. In case of suspicion of pericardial disease…

…sound waves can only propagate through a physical medium. This medium may consist of any matter, e.g air, water, metal, or tissue and fluids…

…heart failure. A thorough review on the pathophysiology of tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy is provided by Gopinnathair et al. All tachyarrhythmias can cause cardiomyopathy. This also…

…ventricle can withstand large pressure increases but at a certain threshold, pressure rises rapidly with further volume increases. This is explained by the existence of…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing systemic hypersensitivity reaction that can cause life threatening compromise of the airway, breathing or circulation. Skin…

…to a hanging head. Frenzel goggles or video Frenzel if available — small beats of nystagmus can otherwise be hard to see, particularly when the patient…

…a neutropenic patient is an emergency. Infection can progress rapidly, while the typical local signs of inflammation may be faint or absent. Take cultures immediately…

Echocardiography Color Doppler Velocities recorded in a sample volume of the pulsed wave Doppler can be presented with a color. A color scale from blue…

…imaging can determine whether dysfunctional myocardium or myocardium supplied by a diseased vessel, is viable and could benefit from revascularization. Evaluating the success of revascularization…

…endocardium. The subendocardium has the poorest prerequisites in the case of myocardial ischemia. All myocardial infarctions affect the subendocardium (hence the term subendocardial infarction ). Myocardial…

…Myocardial motion and velocity can be measured with pulsed tissue Doppler (see Pulsed Wave Doppler). Tissue Doppler allows for sampling of specific regions or structures…

…raise strong suspicion of another or an additional cause [1]. Delirium tremens most often begins after one to three days but can start earlier in…

…care unit identifies a possible donor and the deceased person's own wishes are properly established. Two things determine the outcome — that the confirmation of…

…the age of three account for the majority of cases, and the great majority of objects can be removed in general practice or in the…

…and where no liver, lung or vessel lies in the path of the needle. Access Puncture site Direction Comment : : : : Subxiphoid 1–2 cm below and…

…Intervention BLS or ACLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest BLS 11 Berdowski et al Bystander CPR BLS 15 Hasselqvist…

…vena cava, impeding or halting venous return to the heart. In instances of tension pneumothorax, the accumulated pressure can shift the entire mediastinum, manifesting externally…

…bicuspid or unicuspid pulmonary valve Noonan syndrome : 60% of all individuals with Noonan syndrome have pulmonic stenosis. The stenosis is subvalvular, causing a narrowing of…

…it can only be transformed or transferred from one form to another. Blood flowing through the heart and vessels obey the law of conservation of…

…facilitates ECG interpretation (e.g. interpretation of myocardial ischemia and electrical axis). All modern ECG machines can present either aVR or –aVR; we recommend that …

…Imaging) Previous chapters on Doppler imaging have all focused on measurements of blood flow. However, the Doppler effect can also be used to study myocardial…

…apply to the anti inflammatory effect. They say nothing about the mineralocorticoid effect or about suppression of the HPA axis, where a long half life…

…admission alone. Diagnosis Current diagnostic criteria According to the international consensus report of 2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis…

…have selected an objectively measurable finding in advance — usually ptosis or fatigable gaze palsy — that can be assessed before and during the window of effect…

…VA score of 0–1. Check what applies in your own region. Duration above the threshold or unknown: at least three weeks of adequate anticoagulation…

…4 g × 4 IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or doxycycline 200 mg × 1…

…within about 1 hour (a liquid preparation) or 2 hours (tablets). With very large quantities of an extremely toxic preparation, lavage can be discussed later…

…Episodes of headache, palpitations, sweating and pallor that may suggest phaeochromocytoma. Systemic sclerosis, kidney disease, autoimmune disease or previous thrombotic microangiopathy. Antidepressants can affect the…

…if the patient can swallow safely. 4. Give intravenous glucose if the patient has a reduced level of consciousness, is having seizures or cannot swallow…

…vasculitis Individual assessment Repeat the ABI every three to six months during ongoing compression therapy, and always in the event of new or increasing pain…

…limit of normal: paracetamol poisoning, ischaemic hepatitis ("shock liver") or acute viral hepatitis. The three are distinguished by the history and the speed of the…

…ECG can never achieve, and makes it visible even when it lies buried in the QRS complex or the T wave. The whole value of…

…intensive care Intermediate–high Stable Yes Raised Admission with monitoring. Be prepared for rescue thrombolysis Intermediate–low Stable One of the two positive Admission Low…

…the very question at issue A patient who needs steroid cover simply to get through the day of the test can therefore be given dexamethasone…

…clots (a three way catheter). Instillation therapy and contrast studies of the urinary tract. Wound healing with a sacral pressure sore or extensive perineal wounds…

…® Mechanism of action • Induces arteriolar vasodilation. No effect on venous circulation. • May cause reflex sympathetic stimulation (can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of beta…