…calc_bmi] Body Mass Index (BMI) is a widely used measure of body fat based on height and weight. It is calculated by dividing body…

…a BMI between 25 and 35. Body mass index For people of South Asian, Chinese and Japanese origin, lower thresholds apply: overweight from a BMI…

…high body mass index (BMI) was linked to approximately 4.0 million deaths worldwide, with more than two thirds—roughly 67%—of these fatalities resulting…

…defined by a body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg/m2. Severe obesity is generally defined as BMI ≥35 kg/m2, while BMI ≥50 kg…

…body mass index, and current smoking—account for more than half of the population attributable risk of cardiovascular mortality and approximately one fifth of the…

…sex; low body mass index; larger arterial sheaths; greater intensity of procedural anticoagulation; complex coronary anatomy and technically difficult PCI. For peri procedural stroke specifically…

…risk among those with resistant hypertension, including older age, Black ethnicity, elevated body mass index, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease. Evaluation and Physical Examination The…

…several patient and treatment related factors: Age older than 80 years Female sex Low body mass index Asian ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal…

…risk marker for both kidney failure and cardiovascular death — a patient with an eGFR of 70 and A3 is at higher risk than one with…

…predictor of death than the atherosclerotic burden. Assessment of the size, mass, geometry, and function of the left ventricle is fundamental for the diagnosis and…

…muscle mass, diet, and certain medications, potentially impacting the accuracy of eGFR estimations. Ethnic and racial Variations: The equation includes adjustments for race, particularly for…

…metal, or tissue and fluids in the human body. Sound waves arise when a sound source generates mechanical vibrations in the particles of the medium…

…5 Recommended by the American Society for Echocardiography (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 18:1440 1463, 2005). Left ventricular mass and geometry Women Men Reference Mildy…

…and tympanic measurement are not adequate — they lag behind and miss the fever. Equipment for temperature control: automated surface cooling with gel pads or a…

…barrier precautions: cap, mask, sterile gown, sterile gloves and a large full body drape. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia, normal saline to flush…

…body temperature water for irrigation. Small children need help to keep still. Sedation is usually better than physical restraint — ketamine provides both immobilisation and less…

…the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second most important is to look for signs of perforation — Seidel's sign, an irregular pupil…

…completely different. It took roughly 50 years for researchers to finally conclude that high cholesterol levels caused coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis in general. This…

…surpasses the body's capacity for heat elimination. Hyperthermia can induce an inflammatory state similar to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Body temperatures surpassing…

…of no blood flow, due to the reduced metabolic rate that accompanies declining body temperature. For every 1°C reduction in body temperature, there is a…

…should not be used. Specific dosing adjustments are required in certain patient populations: Pediatric patients: For patients weighing less than 50 kg, the dosing should…

…Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Heart failure is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements…

…1. Myocardial cells require a continuous oxygen supply in order to maintain normal metabolism. If oxygen supply is less than oxygen demand, ischemia develops. Myocardial…

…not in the choice of dose. Paediatric doses are calculated on actual body weight unless otherwise stated. When the weight of a child aged 1…

…as ranges to stay within than as figures to strive for. Ventilation In ARDS: a tidal volume of 4–8 mL/kg ideal body weight…

…mm. Limitations Formulas assume normal body habitus Ethnic variations may require adjusted thresholds Always correlate with imaging measurements Not valid for pediatric patients <15 years

…36 mm Descending aorta 20 30 mm ​Adjustment refers to adjusting for body surface area (BSA). Standardized values for aorta (mean ± SD) Aortic annulus Sinus…

…compared to the mitral valve, the tricuspid valve is located slightly more apically (<0.8 mm / m 2 BSA [body surface area]). Approximately 85% 90…

…17 mm/m2 Aortic arch 22 36 mm Descending aorta 20 30 mm ​Indexing means that the value is adjusted for body surface area (BSA)…

…eliminates potassium from the body. 6. Check the plasma potassium after about 1 hour and follow the plasma glucose closely for at least 6 hours…

…Below 125 mmol/L Duration Definition : : Acute Documented development within less than 48 hours Chronic At least 48 hours Unknown Treated as chronic with respect…

…expiratory flow — variability rather than the absolute value TLC Total lung capacity, which requires body plethysmography DLCO Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide An obstructive pattern…

Reference values for atrial size and volume Women Men Normal range Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal Normal range Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal…

…does not convert atrial flutter to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is only administered in a monitored clinical setting appropriate for cardioversion. Administration of vernakalant Vernakalant (Brinavess)…

…altered mental status rather than prominent breathlessness. Hemodynamic phenotypes Initial assessment should distinguish congestion from hypoperfusion. This distinction provides a practical framework for selecting treatment:…

…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)…

…Cardiac Index (CI) Cardiac Index (CI) is the ratio between cardiac output (CO) and body surface area (estimated by weight and height). Thus, cardiac index…

…wheezing, or coughing before cardiac arrest also speak for anaphylaxis (airway obstruction caused by a foreign body is an important differential). Treatment of anaphylaxis and…

…As a result, the electrical currents produced by the myocardium are transmitted through the body to the skin, where they can be detected using electrodes…

…pandemic. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al )…

…pandemic. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al )…

…significantly lower than the current threshold for hypertension, and the current treatment target levels for patients with and without diabetes. The threshold for hypertension is…

…block cannot be diagnosed using surface ECG (i.e. ECG recorded on the body surface). This is because the electrical potentials generated by the sinoatrial…

…Heart Association (AHA), American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the European Society for Cardiology (ESC). A large body of evidence, based on randomized controlled clinical…

…interpreted as specialist investigations. Both fail more often for practical than for medical reasons: the cuff is in the wrong place, the electrodes come off…

…course (no more than 7 days) may be given to selected patients with an eGFR of 30 40 mL/min for lower urinary tract infection…

…high osmolality Blood ketones are preferable to urine ketones. The principal ketone body in DKA is beta hydroxybutyrate, whereas ordinary urine dipsticks mainly measure acetoacetate…

…reduced dose and a longer interval for all opioids Obesity Dose according to effect, not according to total body weight Concomitant benzodiazepine A markedly increased…

…dizziness attributable to a wax plug. The tympanic membrane cannot be inspected and the examination is needed for the diagnosis. Before audiometry or the fitting…

…with a known risk of bradycardia. Transvenous pacing is chosen when the need is more than brief: continuing pacing dependence, inadequate or unachievable transcutaneous capture…

…shorter DAPT regimens are used. BMS now account for less than 10% of contemporary PCI procedures according to the source material. First generation DES The…

…Conversely, atrial fibrillation and non cardiac comorbidities are less frequent than in HFpEF. The clinical population is heterogeneous because the HFmrEF range includes both patients…

…Pediatric patients Body weight < 50 kg: Initial dose: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg Second dose: Increase the dose by 0.05 to…

…syndromes (NSTE ACS). The division into STE ACS and NSTE ACS has profound implications for management and treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Moreover…

…pads should be positioned as standard, and defibrillation energy levels should remain consistent with those used for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed…

…electrical current through the heart. Asphyxia Asphyxia as a result of external causes, for example foreign body, hanging or strangulation. Drug overdose Intentional or accidental…

…as: EF (%) = [(EDV ESV)/EDV]·100 Normal values for ejection fraction (EF) Studies in healthy individuals suggest that the mean ejection fraction is 63…

…volumes, and pressure conditions in the heart. These techniques allow for the calculation of all clinically relevant hemodynamic parameters, with few exceptions. Prior to the…

…test, exercise stress ECG) Exercise stress testing has been used routinely for over 60 years to evaluate cardiopulmonary function and to diagnose cardiovascular disease. The…

…required to evaluate the examination. Most echocardiographic parameters vary with age, gender and body size (see Normal values for echocardiography). Moreover, the ultrasound system performs…