…BMI has several limitations: It does not distinguish between fat, muscle, and bone mass. It does not indicate the types or distribution of body fat…

…mass index 15–19 kg/m² 17–22 kg/m² Ideal and dosing weight Drug dosing often requires a weight other than the actual body…

…high body mass index (BMI) was linked to approximately 4.0 million deaths worldwide, with more than two thirds—roughly 67%—of these fatalities resulting…

…lean mass. Waist circumference and the waist to hip ratio provide additional information about visceral adiposity and may correlate more closely with outcomes than BMI…

…body mass index, and current smoking—account for more than half of the population attributable risk of cardiovascular mortality and approximately one fifth of the…

…coronary angiography or PCI; cardiogenic shock; ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; extensive vascular calcification; female sex; low body mass index; larger arterial sheaths; greater intensity…

…associated with a greater cardiovascular risk among those with resistant hypertension, including older age, Black ethnicity, elevated body mass index, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease…

…factors: Age older than 80 years Female sex Low body mass index Asian ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle…

…eGFR in adults Cystatin C based eGFR With an atypical muscle mass, or to confirm a creatinine based value The mean of creatinine and cystatin…

…patients with coronary heart disease, left ventricular function is actually a stronger predictor of death than the atherosclerotic burden. Assessment of the size, mass, geometry…

…CKD, limiting its accuracy when applied to healthy populations or those with acute kidney injury. Influence of Muscle Mass and Diet: Serum creatinine levels, a…

…along the sound wave) with equal amplitude (i.e pressure). It is easy to measure the distance between two peaks (maximum) or two lows (minimum)…

…254 255 LV mass/BSA, g/m2 44–88 89–100 101–112 113 50–102 103–116 117–130 131 BSA, Body surface area…

…has shifted from cooling to fever prevention. Lowering the body temperature to 33 °C has not been shown to improve survival or the neurological outcome…

…and a large full body drape. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia, normal saline to flush all lumens, suture material or a securement device…

…Mineral oil or lidocaine to kill an insect in the ear canal. A 30–60 mL syringe with a soft catheter and body temperature water…

…glaucoma (tonometry). Contraindications Absolute contraindications to instrumental removal: Suspected penetrating injury or an intraocular foreign body — shield the eye with a rigid shield, give systemic…

…or is it all just a "big pharma" sham? These are actually questions that patients tend to ask nowadays and therefore I will make an…

…or acquisition surpasses the body's capacity for heat elimination. Hyperthermia can induce an inflammatory state similar to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Body…

…Please refer to HOPE Score. Severity Features Body temperature (°C) Mild hypothermia Conscious with tremors 32 35°C Moderate hypothermia Impaired consciousness, with or without shivering…

…12 mg or less successfully terminate 92% of supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs), usually within 30 seconds. Doses higher than 18 mg are unlikely to revert a…

…in which the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements, or can do so only at the expense of abnormally high…

…in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source. ATP is produced by metabolizing carbohydrates (glucose), fats or proteins…

Procedurer The doses below apply to adults unless otherwise stated, and paediatric doses are given per kilogram with the stated maximum. Always check against the…

…as ranges to stay within than as figures to strive for. Ventilation In ARDS: a tidal volume of 4–8 mL/kg ideal body weight…

…mm. Limitations Formulas assume normal body habitus Ethnic variations may require adjusted thresholds Always correlate with imaging measurements Not valid for pediatric patients <15 years

…36 mm 13 17 mm/m2 Aortic arch 22 36 mm Descending aorta 20 30 mm ​Adjustment refers to adjusting for body surface area (BSA)…

…muscles . As compared to the mitral valve, the tricuspid valve is located slightly more apically (<0.8 mm / m 2 BSA [body surface area]). Approximately…

…17 mm/m2 Aortic arch 22 36 mm Descending aorta 20 30 mm ​Indexing means that the value is adjusted for body surface area (BSA)…

…new bradycardia and acute kidney injury may be at greater immediate risk than a stable dialysis patient with a plasma potassium of 6.6 mmol…

…hyponatraemia acute or chronic? Severe symptoms require immediate treatment with hypertonic sodium chloride, whether the hyponatraemia is acute or chronic. The aim is to relieve…

…PEF Peak expiratory flow — variability rather than the absolute value TLC Total lung capacity, which requires body plethysmography DLCO Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide An…

…volume/BSA, mL/m2 22 ± 6 29–33 34–39 40 22 ± 6 29–33 34–39 40 ​BSA, Body surface area; LA, left atrial…

…solution. Cumulative doses of more than 5 mg/kg should not be given within 24 hours. If conversion to sinus rhythm is not successful, blood…

…with fatigue, depression, sleep disturbance or altered mental status rather than prominent breathlessness. Hemodynamic phenotypes Initial assessment should distinguish congestion from hypoperfusion. This distinction provides…

…inflammation and fibrosis Reduction in body weight and haemoglobin A1c Increased uricosuria, with plasma uric acid reduction of approximately 10% to 15% Possible effects on…

…and body surface area (estimated by weight and height). Thus, cardiac index is cardiac output normalized to body surface area. The ultrasound system calculates body…

…of epinephrine (20 50 μg) or an epinephrine infusion (0.01 to 0.10 μg/kg/min). Pediatric dosage : 0.01 mg/kg…

…is equal to the spread of an electrical current. All tissues and fluids surrounding the heart have an abundance of ions, enabling them to function…

…pandemic. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al )…

…pandemic. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al )…

…rise in blood pressure of 20 mm Hg systolic or 10 mm Hg diastolic leads to a doubling of the risk of stroke and acute…

…ECG recorded on the body surface). This is because the electrical potentials generated by the sinoatrial node are much too small to be detected on…

…NSTEMI) or unstable angina (UA), is attributed to the greater extent of ischemia present in STEMI. In STEMI, a complete coronary artery occlusion leads to…

…recorder Contraindications None. Practical obstacles are skin disease or allergy to the electrode gel, and marked body hair that cannot be shaved. Set up 1…

…in mL/min , not eGFR relative to 1.73 m². Recalculate in patients who are markedly larger or smaller than average. Higher doses may be…

…more common, particularly at very high osmolality Blood ketones are preferable to urine ketones. The principal ketone body in DKA is beta hydroxybutyrate, whereas ordinary…

…Dose according to effect, not according to total body weight Concomitant benzodiazepine A markedly increased risk of respiratory depression. Avoid the combination, or reduce both…

…technique or refer to ENT): Condition Reason : : Diabetes, immunosuppression A risk of necrotising otitis externa Anticoagulant treatment Bleeding into the ear canal Previous radiotherapy to…

…It is a bridge to a permanent pacemaker or to resolution of the underlying cause. Contraindications Hypothermia with a body temperature below about 30 °C…

…up diameter stenosis greater than 50%—occurred in 20–30% of patients, while clinically evident restenosis, manifested by recurrent angina attributable to the treated segment…

…Epidemiology and clinical phenotype Heart failure with an LVEF greater than 40%—comprising HFmrEF and HFpEF—accounts for approximately half of patients with symptomatic heart…

…is required in renal failure or renal replacement therapy. Pediatric patients Body weight < 50 kg: Initial dose: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg…

…blood to the gastrointestinal tract which reduces blood availability in the heart. Symptoms of ischemic heart disease are generally not related to body position or…

…board (or any hard material) to tilt the body 15 to 30° to the left. The supporting surface should be sufficiently rigid to ensure chest…

…to electrical current through the heart. Asphyxia Asphyxia as a result of external causes, for example foreign body, hanging or strangulation. Drug overdose Intentional or…

…volumes, which satisfy the body's oxygen demand despite smaller ejection fractions. In general, individuals with small ventricular volumes tend to have high ejection fractions…

…The physical laws that govern blood flow are fundamental in echocardiography. Conventional two dimensional (2D) echocardiography and Doppler studies are sufficient to study velocities, volumes…

…etc. Exercise stress testing may also be referred to as exercise ECG or exercise tolerance test . Because the vast majority of all exercise stress tests…

…Moreover, the ultrasound system performs several calculates based on these parameters (e.g adjusting various dimensions/volumes to body surface area). Heart rate and blood…