…defined by a body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg/m2. Severe obesity is generally defined as BMI ≥35 kg/m2, while BMI ≥50 kg…

…In 2015, high body mass index (BMI) was linked to approximately 4.0 million deaths worldwide, with more than two thirds—roughly 67%—of these…

…BMI has several limitations: It does not distinguish between fat, muscle, and bone mass. It does not indicate the types or distribution of body fat…

…a BMI between 25 and 35. Body mass index For people of South Asian, Chinese and Japanese origin, lower thresholds apply: overweight from a BMI…

…diabetes, body mass index, and current smoking—account for more than half of the population attributable risk of cardiovascular mortality and approximately one fifth of…

…coronary angiography or PCI; cardiogenic shock; ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; extensive vascular calcification; female sex; low body mass index; larger arterial sheaths; greater intensity…

…associated with a greater cardiovascular risk among those with resistant hypertension, including older age, Black ethnicity, elevated body mass index, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease…

…sex Low body mass index Asian ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment…

…creatinine) The first choice for eGFR in adults Cystatin C based eGFR With an atypical muscle mass, or to confirm a creatinine based value The…

…valvular function, and ventricular function. A large body of science has demonstrated that these parameters are highly interdependent and rather complex. Indeed, myocardial mechanics constitute…

…CKD, limiting its accuracy when applied to healthy populations or those with acute kidney injury. Influence of Muscle Mass and Diet: Serum creatinine levels, a…

…metal, or tissue and fluids in the human body. Sound waves arise when a sound source generates mechanical vibrations in the particles of the medium…

…254 255 LV mass/BSA, g/m2 44–88 89–100 101–112 113 50–102 103–116 117–130 131 BSA, Body surface area…

…Lowering the body temperature to 33 °C has not been shown to improve survival or the neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but…

…and a large full body drape. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia, normal saline to flush all lumens, suture material or a securement device…

…can cause perforation in seven hours. Indications Every foreign body in the ear canal or the nasal cavity must be removed. The urgency varies: Object…

…Relative: A patient who cannot keep the gaze still. A deeply embedded body reaching the stroma or deeper. The absence of a slit lamp — the…

… Are statins really effective, or is it all just a "big pharma" sham? These are actually questions that patients tend to ask nowadays and therefore…

…body temperature exceeding the typical range of 36.5 37.6°C (97.7 99.7°F). It arises when heat production or acquisition surpasses the body…

…Severity Features Body temperature (°C) Mild hypothermia Conscious with tremors 32 35°C Moderate hypothermia Impaired consciousness, with or without shivering 28 31°C Severe hypothermia Unconscious…

…dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside present throughout the body that interacts with G protein coupled A1 receptors located on the extracellular…

…LVEF ≥50%). Patients with HFmrEF may represent individuals whose LVEF has improved from below 40% or has declined from at least 50%. This distinction is…

…in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source. ATP is produced by metabolizing carbohydrates (glucose), fats or proteins…

Procedurer The doses below apply to adults unless otherwise stated, and paediatric doses are given per kilogram with the stated maximum. Always check against the…

…within than as figures to strive for. Ventilation In ARDS: a tidal volume of 4–8 mL/kg ideal body weight, a plateau pressure ≤ 30…

…m 2 Turner syndrome 40 mm • Patients with mutations in TGFBR1, TGFBR2 or Loes Dietz syndrome, who have low BSA or severe extra aortic features…

…36 mm 13 17 mm/m2 Aortic arch 22 36 mm Descending aorta 20 30 mm ​Adjustment refers to adjusting for body surface area (BSA)…

…compared to the mitral valve, the tricuspid valve is located slightly more apically (<0.8 mm / m 2 BSA [body surface area]). Approximately 85% 90…

…17 mm/m2 Aortic arch 22 36 mm Descending aorta 20 30 mm ​Indexing means that the value is adjusted for body surface area (BSA)…

…at lower values if the rise is rapid, the patient has symptoms, or the clinical risk is high [1,2]. 1. Perform an ABCDE assessment…

…and a postictal state. 3. Check a repeat plasma sodium if the result is unexpected or does not fit the clinical picture. 4. Where possible…

…which requires body plethysmography DLCO Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide An obstructive pattern: FEV₁/FVC below the lower limit of normal (traditionally < 0.70…

…79 LA volume/BSA, mL/m2 22 ± 6 29–33 34–39 40 22 ± 6 29–33 34–39 40 ​BSA, Body surface area; LA…

…be aborted if hypotension or bradycardia occurs. A defibrillator should be immediately available as a precaution. Dosage of vernakalant Vernakalant is dosed by body weight…

…fraction and may result from systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion include elevated cardiac filling pressures, pulmonary congestion…

…at initiation or during routine therapy. Potential clinically important complications and treatment related syndromes include: Hypovolaemia Falls and syncope, particularly in older adults Euglycaemic diabetic…

…Cardiac Index (CI) Cardiac Index (CI) is the ratio between cardiac output (CO) and body surface area (estimated by weight and height). Thus, cardiac index…

…airways or dermatological symptoms suggestive of anaphylaxis. Dyspnea, wheezing, or coughing before cardiac arrest also speak for anaphylaxis (airway obstruction caused by a foreign body…

…As a result, the electrical currents produced by the myocardium are transmitted through the body to the skin, where they can be detected using electrodes…

…has remained stable. New data suggest that the incidence of heart failure among young adults has increased in recent years ( Nabel et al, Savarese et…

…has remained stable. New data suggest that the incidence of heart failure among young adults has increased in recent years ( Nabel et al, Savarese et…

…However, a growing body of science suggests that essential hypertension is a multifactorial disease caused by a complex interplay between genes and environment. Industrialization and…

…Sinoatrial (SA) block implies that the impulses discharged in the sinoatrial node are either not conducted to the atria or are so with a delay…

…compared to those with Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) or unstable angina (UA), is attributed to the greater extent of ischemia present in STEMI…

…recorder Contraindications None. Practical obstacles are skin disease or allergy to the electrode gel, and marked body hair that cannot be shaved. Set up 1…

…not eGFR relative to 1.73 m². Recalculate in patients who are markedly larger or smaller than average. Higher doses may be required in the…

…This quick reference is intended primarily for adults and summarises the order in which measures are taken and the principles that are common to all…

…in old age or in renal failure, reduce it further. Starting doses in acute pain in an opioid naive adult Agent Route Starting dose Comment…

…syringe with a soft irrigation catheter, or an electric ear irrigator with pressure limitation, body temperature water or saline ( 36–37 °C ), a kidney dish…

…It is a bridge to a permanent pacemaker or to resolution of the underlying cause. Contraindications Hypothermia with a body temperature below about 30 °C —…

…principally by neointimal hyperplasia. Contemporary DES combine a metallic scaffold, a polymeric or polymer free drug delivery system, and an antiproliferative agent. Their development has…

…Epidemiology and clinical phenotype Heart failure with an LVEF greater than 40%—comprising HFmrEF and HFpEF—accounts for approximately half of patients with symptomatic heart…

…05 to 0.1 mg/kg. Maximum single dose: 0.3 mg/kg Body weight 50 kg: Adult dosage. Adverse effects Adverse effects typically persist…

…reduces blood availability in the heart. Symptoms of ischemic heart disease are generally not related to body position or respiration. Triggering factors Symptoms triggered by…

…within or outside the hospital, prompt communication with an obstetrician and neonatologist is critical. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should generally adhere to the standard adult guidelines…

…causes, for example foreign body, hanging or strangulation. Drug overdose Intentional or accidental overdose of medications, drugs or other substances (including alcohol) causing cardiac arrest…

…the fact that the athlete's heart produces significantly larger stroke volumes, which satisfy the body's oxygen demand despite smaller ejection fractions. In general…

…= [c · (f r f e )] / [2 · f u · cos ϴ] The speed of sound (c) in the human body is constant (1540 m/s)…

…etc. Exercise stress testing may also be referred to as exercise ECG or exercise tolerance test . Because the vast majority of all exercise stress tests…

…must be stored in a database, where the patient's personal identification number or equivalent is used for secure identification. If the examination is performed…