…do not guess. Measure the blood pressure in both arms when fitting the device. Use the arm with the higher pressure, or the non dominant…

…Document the baseline status of the chosen finding — measurement, photograph or video. 3. Give atropine 0.5 mg intravenously (alternatively glycopyrronium 0.2 mg) to…

…with a braked, workload controlled resistance; 12 lead ECG with continuous recording; automated or manual blood pressure measurement. Resuscitation trolley with defibrillator, oxygen, suction and…

…corticosteroid are then given immediately after blood cultures. For questions other than acute meningitis — an insidious onset, known malignancy, immunosuppression, papilloedema or new focal neurological…

…ultrasound system performs several calculates based on these parameters (e.g adjusting various dimensions/volumes to body surface area). Heart rate and blood pressure Heart…

…underlying comorbidities, supervised muscle strengthening physiotherapy, exercise, and coordination and balance training. Orthostatic Blood Pressure Measurement Before starting or intensifying blood pressure treatment, orthostatic hypote

…than for office measurement. Classification of office blood pressure Category Systolic Diastolic : : : : : Optimal < 120 and < 80 Normal 120–129 and/or 80–84…

…or suspected acute aortic syndrome. 5. Use the correct cuff size. A cuff that is too small overestimates the blood pressure. 6. Repeat the measurement…

…and physical examination Standardized office measurement Accurate technique is essential because inconsistent or incorrect measurement may lead to misclassification. Blood pressure should be measured with…

…Potential reasons for a flat ETCO2 curve include: Ventilator or capnograph not activated. Displacement of the tracheal tube. Cardiac arrest without adequate blood flow or…

Echocardiography The Bernoulli principle and pressure gradients using Doppler measurements Continuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler can measure the velocity of erythrocytes as they…

…where vascular smooth muscle constricts or dilates in response to changes in intraluminal pressure. Coronary blood flow is also influenced by sympathetic and parasympathetic influences…

…B12 or folate deficiency when blood tests are insufficient. Contraindications Severe coagulopathy or ongoing anticoagulation — correct this first . Thrombocytopenia, by contrast, is not a contraindication…

…and incorrect blood pressure measurement must be corrected before treatment is intensified [1,2]. The evidence that any particular intravenous drug improves mortality or long…

…carefully confirmed. Apparent resistant hypertension may result from: Inaccurate or inconsistent blood pressure measurement; White coat hypertension; Poor adherence or persistence with prescribed therapy; Inadequate…

…blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or…

…and in patients with diabetes or renal failure the index may be falsely normal because of medial sclerosis — in that case add toe pressure measurement…

…Indications Continuous blood pressure monitoring in haemodynamic instability or during ongoing vasoactive treatment. Conditions in which blood pressure must be kept within narrow limits: aortic…

…material or a securement device, transparent dressing. Monitoring throughout the procedure: ECG, pulse oximetry and blood pressure. Before puncture: check the coagulation status, give information…

…A catheter is not, however, indicated for incontinence as the sole reason, for convenience where the workload is heavy, or as a substitute for mobilisation…

…the blood glucose during rapid changes. Pressure on the sensor, for example during sleep, can give falsely low values. When there are symptoms or an…

…pulses. Blood pressure measurement in both arms. Cardiac auscultation. Pulmonary auscultation. Evaluation for heart failure. Assessment for circulatory compromise, haemodynamic instability, or electrical instability. Posterior…

…or a falling PaO2 Circulation A systolic blood pressure of 100 mmHg or less, a MAP below 65 mmHg, delayed capillary refill, cold or mottled…

…cTn measurements. Troponin results should not be interpreted in isolation because myocardial injury is also encountered in non ACS cardiopulmonary disease. Patients with persistent or…

…pressure measurement is therefore recommended in the vascular assessment. A carotid bruit is an important marker of cardiovascular risk, although the source material does not…

…Monitoring with ECG, blood pressure and saturation throughout the investigation. Explain to the patient what is going to happen and that the most important thing…

…Suction and give oxygen as needed. Intubate for a threatened airway, a marked risk of aspiration, or failure that is not rapidly reversed by an…

…cited recommendation as blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg. Screening is particularly pertinent in the presence of hypokalaemia or treatment resistance. Hypokalaemia should not be permitted…

…but some laboratories do not accept marrow blood in their analysers — check locally. Contraindications Peripheral venous cannula: Infection, burns or trauma at the puncture site…

…moderate to severe frailty, or very old or frail patients who may not tolerate rapid blood pressure reduction. Initial Combination Therapy General Strategy For most…

…as evidence of systemic venous congestion Blood pressure and evidence of hypotension Clinical evidence of low cardiac output or shock RVI may produce severe venous…

…cardiac abnormality or raised natriuretic peptides is not mandatory for HFmrEF when the diagnosis of heart failure is clinically secure and the LVEF measurement is…

… or angina occurring after a recent MI. Myocardial injury is separate from MI. It refers to cardiac troponin release that does not fulfil the criteria…

…Haemodynamic measurements become interpretable only when related to one another. A low blood pressure may be due to low flow, low vascular tone or both…

…across the mitral valve using pulsed Doppler. Estimating left ventricular filling pressure via e' . Measurement of deceleration time (DT) . Diastolic function can be estimated from…

…understand echocardiography. In clinical practice, the investigator performs simple measurements and Doppler recordings, which the ultrasound machine uses to calculate various hemodynamic parameters. The Doppler…

…PA include: Grade 2 or 3 hypertension Resistant hypertension Sustained blood pressure above 150/100 mm Hg on repeated measurements Hypertension requiring at least four…

…and the left circumflex artery (LCX), whereas the posteromedial papillary muscle receives blood supply from either LCX or the right coronary artery (RCA). For details…

…Exercise performance (functional capacity, exercise capacity) Heart rate: maximal heart rate, heart rate response Blood pressure reaction ECG reaction: ST changes, T wave changes, arrhythmias…

…or vascular tone can significantly impact MAP, reflecting the dynamic interplay between cardiac function and vascular resistance. Advantages of measuring MAP over systolic blood pressure…

…blood flows into the left ventricle. This results in a rapid increase in left ventricular volume, but only a small increase in left ventricular pressure…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Definition and Pathophysiology A hypertensive emergency is severe blood pressure elevation accompanied by acute hypertension mediated target organ damage (HMOD). The European…

CPR Hypoxia and asphyxiation Hypoxia refers to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia…

…nitroglycerin regularly may have developed tolerance and require higher doses, alternatively nitroprusside to achieve desirable blood pressure lowring effect. Drug Nitroglycerin Brand names Gonitro ®…

…elevated blood pressure and impaired glucose regulation. Diagnosis is based on the coexistence of defined clinical and laboratory components; the diagnostic criteria themselves are not…

…abrupt changes in blood pressure activate autonomic reflexes that influence the haemodynamic result. Reflex tachycardia is the rule after a rapid fall in blood pressure…

…intracranial pressure (ICP) and reduction in cerebral blood flow. Caution • Used cautiously in patients with high intracranial pressure or azotemia. • Should not be given to…

…crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes afterload reduction…

…threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling. It generally results from accumulation of pericardial fluid, blood, or…

…Increases systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and pulse pressure with minimal effect on CO. Minimal chronotropic effect. Increases coronary blood flow. Atrial or ventricular arrhythmias Bradycardia…

…ventricle to maintain cardiac output and prevent, or alleviate, the pressure increase in the left ventricle and left atrium. Chronic aortic regurgitation leads to dilatation…

…Increases systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and pulse pressure with minimal effect on CO. Minimal chronotropic effect. Increases coronary blood flow. Atrial or ventricular arrhythmias Bradycardia…

…5. Perform the NIHSS and document which symptoms are disabling. 6. Measure the blood pressure, initially in both arms if this can be done without…

…1 Cardioversion (electrical or pharmacological) can be performed directly. An anticoagulant is then given according to CHA₂DS₂ VA 24–48 hours, or risk factors present…

…2 adrenoceptors in the ventromedial and rostral ventrolateral areas of the medulla result in the blood pressure lowering effect. Effects Potent blood pressure lowering effect…

…an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalaprilat lowers blood pressure by inhibiting ACE. Effects • The hypotensive effect of enalaprilat depends on plasma volume and plasma…

…beta adrenergic receptor blocker. • Esmolol lowers blood pressure immediately (within 1 minute) • Esmolol may also be used to control supraventricular tachycardia (rate control). • Esmolol may…

…receptor agonist. • Lowers blood pressure while maintaining or increasing kidney perfusion. Effects Dopamine 1 receptor agonists lower systemic blood pressure and increase renal perfusion. Time…

…myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by decreasing systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling pressure (pre…

…blocker. Effects Lowers blood pressure, reduces heart rate, myocardial oxygen consumption and myocardial contractility. Less pronounced blood pressure lowering effect than esmolol and labetalol. Time…