…cm) below the lower border of the acromion , in the middle of the muscle belly, within the inverted triangle formed between the acromion and the…

…intracranial space occupying lesion with mass effect and midline shift. Ongoing anticoagulant treatment or marked coagulopathy. A platelet count below 50 × 10⁹/L is often…

…minimal interruptions and early defibrillation are what determine the outcome; drugs are given without pausing the compressions. Anaphylaxis Intramuscular adrenaline into the lateral thigh is…

Referensvärden The normal values below apply to adults in sinus rhythm, recorded at a paper speed of 50 mm/s with 1 mV = 10…

Referensvärden The reference values below are taken from the consensus documents of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging…

Referensvärden The values below are starting points, not aims in themselves. Almost all of them have proved to work better as ranges to stay within…

Farmakologi & dosering Infektionssjukdomar Lathundar The doses below are taken from the Strama Stockholm recommendations 2025/2026 and are given for absolute eGFR in mL/min…

…Lathundar The doses below are taken from the recommendations of Strama Stockholm for the empirical antibiotic treatment of adults in hospital and in residential care…

…spontaneous circulation (ROSC) is typically not sustained at temperatures below 30°C. Concurrent Hypothermia and Asphyxia in Avalanche Incidents Hypothermia coupled with asphyxia is commonly observed…

…The eight steps below go through the rhythm and then the waveforms one by one, and conclude with comparison against previous ECGs and with the…

…complications and when thrombectomy should be considered. The doses and Swedish thresholds below are based on the national guideline for the management of reperfusion treatment…

…person and the probability is around 46 % that at least one will fall outside. The ranges below are guide values for adults. The method and…

…and normalise gradually through childhood. The interpretation is made in the same systematic way as in adults, but against the age specific reference values below…

…Any of the drugs listed below may be used to treat hypertensive emergencies. The desired time to action, contraindications and risk of adverse effects should…

…Below follows a drug manual for use in the CCU (coronary care unit), ICU (intensive care unit) or ER (emergency room). Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic…

…and cause torsade de pointes (TdP) and long QT syndrome (LQTS) is presented below. With regards to drugs, the risk of QT prolongation and TdP…

…abdominal aortic diameter exceeds 3 cm. Most AAAs are located below the renal arteries and are related to atherosclerotic disease. At least 90% of AAAs…

…persist for more than 3 months and have health implications. Diagnostic criteria include an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 60 mL/min/1.73…

…sex, and lead location, as detailed below [8, 10]: Patient Demographic Lead Group ST Elevation Threshold at J Point Men under 40 years V2 to…

…brief summary of that article is provided below. Summary of lecture The Normal ECG (EKG) waves, intervals, durations and rhythm ECG interpretation requires firm knowledge…

…pressure to below 140 mmHg and 90 mmHg, respectively, despite: Appropriate lifestyle measures; A renin–angiotensin system blocker; A calcium channel blocker; and A thiazide…

…Below follows a rather detailed declaration of ECG changes, arrhythmias and conduction defects that occur due to antiarrhythmic drugs, beta blockers and calcium channel blockers…

…of myocardial infarction and ischemia, as well as identifying the occluded coronary artery and the location of the occlusion, is clinically important. As discussed below…

…ECG may be detrimental. The interpretation algorithm presented below is easy to follow and it can be carried out by anyone. The reader will gradually…

…Any of the drugs listed below may be used to treat hypertensive emergencies. The desired time to action, contraindications and risk of adverse effects should…

…Below follows a drug manual for use in the CCU (coronary care unit), ICU (intensive care unit) or ER (emergency room). Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic…

…of rest and stress images to assess myocardial ischemia and infarction. The key steps in this process are outlined below. Image acquisition and evaluation Stress…

…A brief summary of the video lecture and the article is provided below. PR interval and PR segment The PR interval stretches from the onset…

…haemoglobin below the applicable transfusion threshold (see below). Ongoing bleeding with haemodynamic compromise, whatever the current haemoglobin — haemoglobin falls late in acute haemorrhage and a…

…insufficient and the carbon dioxide is normal. Bilevel NIV: Acute exacerbation of COPD with respiratory acidosis , that is, a pH below 7.35 and a…

…physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient…

…stiff chest wall. Glottic or subglottic obstruction — the mask sits above the obstruction and solves nothing. A mouth opening below about 2 cm. Extensive pharyngeal…

…age, height and ethnicity — not against absolute figures. Since 2022 the z score with a lower limit of normal at z = −1.64 (the…

…neutropenic fever is limited, but delayed antibiotics are associated with a worse outcome in sepsis and in several studies of neutropenic patients. In septic shock…

…and talk. Flows above 6 L/min dry the mucosa without delivering more oxygen Simple face mask 5–10 L/min 35–60 % Never below…

…with a pH below 7.20, haemothorax, a symptomatic or large pneumothorax, recurrent malignant effusion (often combined with pleurodesis), and in chest trauma and postoperatively…

…grey zone. A morning value below about 100 nmol/L strongly suggests insufficiency, and a value above about 350–400 nmol/L makes it unlikely;…

…recurrence and secondary brain injury. The doses in the treatment ladder below follow the Swedish local sequence given in the original article. International guidelines and…

…and the transfusion principles below 6 Stop anticoagulants in serious ongoing bleeding. Reverse selectively according to the drug, the last dose, the renal function and…

…particularly over joints and in cosmetically sensitive areas. Superficial wounds with well apposed edges, abrasions and small wounds under about 5 mm often do better…

…the QRS morphology in V1, V2, V5 and V6 (see below). If the QRS morphology is compatible with ventricular tachycardia, then the diagnosis is ventricular…

…guiding clinical decisions about intervention or monitoring. Below, we outline the methodology and clinical applications of shunt fraction calculation. Echocardiographic Calculation of Qp/Qs 1…

…DIAMETER Below pulmonic valve (PA 1), cm 1.5–2.1 2.2–2.5 2.6–2.9 3.0 RV SIZE AND FUNCTION…

…office pressure below the hypertension threshold but hypertensive home or ambulatory pressure. Office measurements provide only a limited representation of usual blood pressure and may…

…49%) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF; LVEF ≥50%). Patients with HFmrEF may represent individuals whose LVEF has improved from below 40% or…

…figure below (from Nabel et al, NEJM, 2014). In this post I would like to discuss hot topics related to coronary artery disease and I…

…than 1%, while mortality is generally below 0.1% in contemporary series. Reported risks vary according to the population and definitions used. Complication Reported risk…

…ejection fraction (HFrEF), defined by an LVEF ≤40%, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), defined by an LVEF ≥50%. The ejection fraction classification…

…media. Blood then propagates along the wall, creating a true lumen and a false lumen separated by an intimal flap. Propagation may be antegrade or…

…below) shows weight loss effects of novel multi agonists in recent clinical trials (Rawshani et al). Recommended reading: MetDis Database of Obesity Trials. Obesity and…

…exposure and ASCVD risk is characterized by several principles: Lower LDL C is associated with lower ASCVD risk across the range studied, including concentrations below…

…while BMI ≥50 kg/m2 has been termed super morbid obesity. BMI categories are summarized below. Weight status BMI (kg/m2) Obesity class Disease risk…

…from the device and with monopolar electrocautery below the umbilicus. Nevertheless, perioperative planning should be individualized according to the patient, device, procedure, and anticipated electrical…

…activity is preferable to none, and benefit is observed below the conventional minimum target. Recommended Activity Volume and Intensity For adults, the principal preventive target…

…Framingham and Hodges follow in the calculator below. Open the calculator → Normal values for QTc interval Bazett's formula is several decades old and…

…while areas below the baseline are assigned negative polarity [3]. These measurements are then plotted as vectors along their respective lead axes, and the resultant…

…14 below shows how to measure ST segment deviation. The following must be noted regarding the ST segment: The normal ST segment is flat and…

…but fundamental part of ECG interpretation. The normal T wave in adults is positive in most precordial and limb leads. The T wave amplitude is…

…term outcomes. Patients with low flow low gradient aortic stenosis (discussed below) have a 3 year survival rate of 50% ( Eleid et al ). The cause…

…be systematic and accurate because the history itself is often sufficient to make a diagnosis or identify a few likely diagnoses. The table below shows…