…status, the ASA class and the airway beforehand. Procedure Anterior shoulder dislocation The commonest of all dislocations. There is a hollow beneath the acromion, the…

…age. Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly…

…pinches the nasal bone instead of the soft part, and lets go after two minutes. Management is a ladder — compression, cautery, anterior packing — and each…

…conduction defect. Roughly 7% of cases progress to bifascicular block (which means that the LAFB is accompanied by a right bundle branch block), while 3…

Echocardiography Tricuspid regurgitation The tricuspid valve separates the right ventricle and the right atrium. It normally consists of three leaflets (anterior, posterior and septal leaflet…

…a lesion proximal to the first septal perforator of the left anterior descending artery was associated with lower five year survival than a more distal…

…with extensive anterior or transmural infarction, apical dysfunction, LV aneurysm formation, and reduced LV systolic function. The principal mechanisms are the combination of an abnormal…

…is a rare but catastrophic manifestation of acute coronary syndromes. The LMCA supplies a large myocardial territory through the left anterior descending (LAD) and left…

…segments referred to as A1 (anterior segment), A2 (middle segment), and A3 (posterior segment) (Figure 1). The posterior leaflet of the mitral valve has a…

…from right anterior (V1) to left lateral (V6), but regrettably, the limb leads are not. Instead, the limb leads are displayed in two groups of…

…these arteries branch of after the right marginal artery) may be given off by the RCA (and otherwise the LCx). Left anterior descending coronary artery…

…to +90° Normal −30° to −90° Left axis deviation — left anterior fascicular block, inferior infarction, hypertrophy +90° to +180° Right axis deviation — right ventricular strain…

…without current symptoms, alternating bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk of bradycardia. Transvenous pacing is…

…reentry. In the common form of typical atrial flutter, the reentrant circuit is confined to the right atrium and travels in a counterclockwise direction. The…

…An anomalous left coronary artery is less common but more malignant than an anomalous right coronary artery. Anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the…

…or patients with diabetes [4]. Associated Findings: The sudden onset of symptoms coupled with diaphoresis should always raise concern for a cardiovascular cause [4]. 2…

…describe a reduction of blood flow to tissues and organs. A few decades later Cohnheim demonstrated that ligation of the left anterior descending artery in…

…indirectly as reciprocal abnormalities in the anterior precordial leads. Acute myocardial ischaemia alters the resting membrane potential and action potential duration of affected myocardial cells…

…The severity of ischaemia and whether infarction has occurred The extent and degree of myocardial involvement The anatomical territory, including anterior, inferoposterolateral or right ventricular…

…a controlled "dose" of electricity can immediately and safely restore sinus rhythm, obviating slow drug titration and rendering the supraventricular versus ventricular distinction less critical…

…5th intercostal space along the anterior axillary line. Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed safer than using a needle due to reduced risk of injury…

…originates on the right aspect of the aortic bulb. The left main coronary artery ( LMCA ) originates from the left anterior aspect of the aortic bulb…

…pronounced "R prime"), which is directed anteriorly and rightward. Due to the abnormal depolarization sequence of the right ventricle in RBBB, repolarization is also abnormal…

…RCA = right coronary artery. LAD = Left anterior descending coronary artery. LCX = left circumflex coronary artery. Arterial blood supply of the conduction system…

…the fibular artery can also be sought anterior to the lateral malleolus. Calculation: for each leg, the highest of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial…

…What usually ruins the examination is not the technique but the handling of the specimen — an aspirate that clots before the smears are made is…

…pinhole. This is done before any drops. 2. Inspect the eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea and anterior chamber. Note the pupil size, shape and reaction to light…

…L) — choose the subcutaneous route if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself…

…or nerves, and the landmark — the posterior corner of the acromion — is easy to palpate even in a large patient. The anterior approach, just lateral…

…first. Procedure Choice of insertion site The left lower quadrant is the first choice : the abdominal wall is thinner there than on the right, and…

…or proximal left anterior descending artery are more likely to affect flow because they supply a larger myocardial territory. The response of the coronary circulation…

…is more frequently associated with anterior infarction than with inferoposterior infarction [4]. Myocardial Necrosis : The occurrence of LBBB (as a form of bifascicular block) is…

…than NSTEMI, and up to two thirds of infarctions are anterior. The risk of ACS is greatest during the third trimester and postpartum period, although…

…lesions can cause acute severe regurgitation, a left to right shunt, tamponade, or sudden loss of effective cardiac output. Their recognition is essential because treatment…

…of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior infarction. Pre excitation. Left anterior…

…of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior infarction. Pre excitation. Left anterior…

…reflow cycle repeatedly to the circumflex artery before a 60 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) would reduce the infarct size…

ECG Indications for pacemaker implantation Bradyarrhythmia is the main indication for the implantation of a pacemaker. When considering a permanent pacemaker for bradyarrhythmia, it is…

…branched off from the right bundle branch at the level of the origin of the anterior papillary muscle. A network of Purkinje fibers sprouts out…

…cardinal symptom of coronary artery disease. It occurs when the myocardium becomes ischemic. It is typically described as a diffuse pain over the anterior chest…

…There are numerous causes of LBBB, such as heart failure, structural heart disease, fibrosis of the conduction system and acute myocardial infarction (particularly anterior STEMI)…

…of His, which bifurcates into the left bundle branch (LBB) and the right bundle branch (RBB). The left bundle branch further divides into the anterior…

…segments ( apical anterior , apical septal , apical inferior , and apical lateral ) and the apex (Table 2). Table 2. The 17 segments of the left ventricle Basal…

…anterior axillary line, on level with V4. V6: placed on level with V4 and V5, in the mid axillary line. V4R: placed on the right…

…not be depolarized via the Purkinje network, but rather via spread of the depolarization from the right ventricle. The abnormal ventricular depolarization will cause an…

…left ventricular wall in over 90% of all individuals. Hence, a proximal occlusion (in the RCA) which cuts off blood flow to the right ventricle…

…It is localized immediately behind the sternum and thus is the most anteriorly located part of the heart. The right ventricle has a complicated anatomy…

…of the most useful signs Low voltage on the ECG, electrical alternans Supportive; it does not exclude Diastolic collapse of the right atrium and right…