…lips, tongue, and upper airway. Due to the risk of airway compromise, it represents a medical emergency. Evaluation and Physical Examination The evaluation of chronic…

…asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation be entirely inhibited (as seen in acute airway obstructions…

Cardiology Indications for pharmacologic agents Pharmacologic stress tests are indicated in the following scenarios: Inability to exercise due to physical limitations. Contraindications to exercise, such…

…3: PH due to chronic lung disease, hypoxia, or sleep disordered breathing Group 4: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease Group…

…neuromuscular disease. Hypercapnic failure in cardiogenic pulmonary oedema that does not improve with CPAP alone. As ceiling therapy where intubation has been judged not to…

…sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked obstructive airways disease — relative; the risk of bronchospasm is real…

…for example in pregnancy, acute glomerular disease or scleroderma renal crisis [1,2]. A hypertensive emergency means a markedly raised blood pressure together with ongoing…

…Assess airway, work of breathing, level of consciousness and circulation. 2. Give controlled oxygen with a target of 88 to 92 percent until the risk…

…incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure…

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

…resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according to international guidelines are decompression sickness and sickle cell crisis…

…is titrated slowly. Caution in acute heart failure and in obstructive airways disease Verapamil or diltiazem When a beta blocker is contraindicated, for example in…

…is the only treatment with class I recommendation according to European (ESC) and North American (AHA, ACC) guidelines. As in all clinical emergencies, the airway…

…larynx. The difficult airway rarely kills because the tube would not pass, but because the team keeps trying to intubate instead of changing the plan…

…absence of urticaria must therefore not be used to exclude the diagnosis [1]. Isolated urticaria, localised angio oedema or itching without compromise of the airway…

…the tube is safe. A misplaced tube in the airway produces no reliable symptoms in a patient with an impaired cough reflex, and the first…

…Swedish regions. Always follow the local PCI and thrombolysis protocol where it specifies another approved regimen. The first 10 minutes 1. Assess airway, breathing and…

…the stroke call. 2. Establish the time of symptom onset or the time last known to be well. 3. Assess airway, breathing and circulation. 4…

…intubation are the two mechanisms that kill patients during airway management , and both are predictable. Indications Inability to protect the airway: reduced level of consciousness…

…a significant midfacial or nasal fracture (absolute). An unsecured airway or haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient first. Marked septal deviation towards the bleeding side (relative…

…toxic dose of a substance that binds to charcoal, when it can be given early and the patient has an intact or a protected airway…

…or with continued glucose administration adapted to the cause. 8. Identify drugs, renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor…

…main clinical rule Two questions determine the initial management: 1. Does the patient have severe neurological symptoms that may be due to the hyponatraemia? 2…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Manage the patient, not the list of poisons. Stabilisation according to ABCDE, the plasma glucose, a blood gas and an ECG…

…shock or a rapid transfusion requirement 10 With impaired consciousness, an inability to protect the airway, or ongoing major haematemesis: early anaesthetic assessment before endoscopy…

…if other methods fail to open the airway. Figure 1. Methods to open the airway. No large study has compared oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways in…

…without dermatological or upper airway manifestations. Anaphylactic cardiac arrest should be suspected among younger patients, in case of known allergy, when exposed to potent allergens …

CPR Cardiac arrest due to trauma In cases of traumatic cardiac arrest, addressing reversible etiologies takes precedence over chest compressions. If trauma is not definitively…

…consistent with commonly used guidelines [1,3]. Level Plasma potassium Management : : : Mild 5.5 to 5.9 mmol/L Confirm the value, address the cause…

…pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which the procedure is the wrong treatment …

…before and after every attempt at reduction — otherwise it is impossible to determine afterwards whether a nerve injury was caused by the injury or by…

…Airway, breathing and circulation Perform an ABCDE assessment and document the time of seizure onset, or the time the patient was last known to be…

…preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine…

…the victim respond to stimuli? Shake the victim by the shoulders and ask if the victim is awake. Breathing : Open the airway by tilting the…

…can also be gauged through supraglottic airway devices and Rubens' tubes. Following ROSC, ETCO 2 can rise up to threefold from levels observed during compressions…