…negligible, and doses do not require reduction in patients with renal disease; neither amiodarone nor desethylamiodarone is dialyzable. The volume of distribution is large, averaging…

…C). Pediatric population Safety and efficacy in children under 18 years have not been established. Limited data are available for children with sickle cell anemia…

…therefore recommended in patients with CVD. The clinical consequences of diabetes may present through any major cardiovascular phenotype: CAD, including chronic coronary syndromes and acute…

…types of myocardial cells may be engaged in initiation and maintenance of this arrhythmia. As mentioned above VT causes hemodynamic compromise. The rapid ventricular rate…

…is indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or a prior heart attack and a high risk…

…followed by maintenance treatment. The source material does not specify the loading dose. Efficacy and harms In secondary prevention trials involving patients with previous vascular…

…levels, together with a low salt, low cholesterol diet, regular physical activity, avoidance of smoking, and adequate sleep. The process should begin early in life…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Sinoatrial block (SA block): from ECG to clinical management Sinoatrial (SA) block implies that the impulses discharged in the sinoatrial node…

…for arrhythmias and QT prolongation with each dose adjustment, typically waiting 2 to 3 days to attain a steady state concentration before further adjusting the…

Farmakologi & dosering Infektionssjukdomar Lathundar The doses below are taken from the Strama Stockholm recommendations 2025/2026 and are given for absolute eGFR in mL/min …

…and costly direct measurements of GFR. Limitations of MDRD eGFR Accuracy at Higher GFR Levels: The MDRD equation tends to underestimate GFR in individuals with…

…age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast, patients with confirmed hypertension generally require BP lowering treatment without additional risk stratification for that…

…in early disease or after effective treatment. HFrEF is commonly associated with structural and functional ventricular abnormalities and progressive neurohormonal activation. The therapeutic rationale for…

… in the absence of cardiac dysfunction, these conditions do not fulfil the definition of heart failure. They may, however, coexist with heart failure and aggravate…

…account for approximately half of patients with symptomatic HF. The distinction is clinically useful but not absolute. Ejection fraction is a continuous variable and echocardiographic…

…the population and diagnostic criteria. MINOCA accounts for approximately 1–14% of ACS presentations in different series and approximately 5–10% of patients presenting with…

…recommended in individuals with suspected chronic coronary syndrome and a moderate or high pre test likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease, defined in the cited…

…EMI. The perioperative strategy should also recognize that CRT patients may rely on continuous biventricular pacing for haemodynamic stability. In patients with resynchronization devices, maintaining…

…in clinical practice and it is fundamental to be able to differentiate benign from serious etiologies. Therefore, when encountering a patient with chest pain the…

…related vascular stiffening, and distinct microvascular responses to systemic inflammation [7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases), obesity…

…this figure rises steeply with age, exceeding 10% in individuals over 70 years [48] . The lifetime risk of developing HF for an individual at age…

…of coronary arterioles. Structural and functional mechanisms may coexist. The formal diagnostic construct for MVA incorporates four components: Symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischaemia. Objective evidence…

…models to estimate the risk of acute myocardial infarction, 30 day and 1 year mortality in patients with NSTE ACS. TIMI, GRACE and PURSUIT are…

…This results in the Doppler signal shifting color, such that blue turns red, and red turns blue. For color Doppler aliasing usually occurs when velocities…

…changes continuously with age: the heart rate, the electrical axis and the waveform in the newborn differ markedly from adult reference values and normalise gradually…

…together with the antidotes. Material for immobilisation: a shoulder sling, a dorsal backslab, and a colleague to help. Analgesia and sedation The options, in ascending…

…98% COPD exacerbation with pH < 7.35 Bilevel NIV IPAP 12–15 and EPAP 4–5 cmH₂O Increase the IPAP in steps of 2…

…Preparation and equipment An examination couch with leg supports, and good, directable lighting. Specula in several sizes (small, medium, large; a long one for a…

Procedurer Oxygen is a drug and must be prescribed as one: with an indication, a route of administration and a target range for the saturation …

…of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside…

…adults presenting with myocardial infarction, stroke, acute aortic syndromes, or heart failure have preexisting hypertension. The relationship between blood pressure and outcome in older adults…

CPR Tamponade and cardiac arrest Cardiac arrest associated with tamponade has an exceptionally poor prognosis. In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops…

…more atherosclerosis (both in frequency and severity) which may compensate for the inability to reach their maximal heart rate. Ultimately, the specificity of exercise stress…

…of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside…

…In patients presenting with intermittent symptoms of bradycardia, it is fundamental to establish a temporal correlation between the symptoms and ECG recordings confirming a bradyarrhythmia…

…The incidence is 10–34% among patients with premature ventricular contractions and/or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia who are referred for electrophysiological evaluation (Hasdemir et al…

…and an intravenous cannula for expanding the tampon. Topical tranexamic acid on a pledget or as a solution has a good effect in anterior bleeding…

…Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient's need for help matter more than…

…Scan the left lower quadrant. Confirm at least 2–3 cm of free fluid depth with no bowel in the path of the needle and…

Infektionssjukdomar Akutsjukvård Lathundar Purpose and scope A quick reference for the doctor on call faced with suspected sepsis in adults: rapid recognition, microbiological sampling, empirical…

…than with continued untreated status [3,4]. In parallel with the drug treatment Resuscitation, investigation and drug treatment must proceed simultaneously. Do not wait for…

…V3R and V4R to detect concomitant right ventricular infarction. IIa B Routine blood sampling for serum markers is indicated as soon as possible in the…

…ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology In acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD), revascularization may be directed exclusively at the infarct…

…provided that the clinical characteristics are in line with the disorder. There are however other disorders that may bring about similar ECG changes, and these…

…are mirror images of the ST segment elevations, and they are seen in leads with a roughly opposite angle to the leads with ST elevations…

…3. Repeated bursts of VT. ECG 4. There are now visible ST segment elevations and Q waves not seen on the initial recording (ECG 1).

…Overview Acute coronary syndrome comprises STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG…

…Observe for at least 4–8 hours after anaphylaxis that required treatment; biphasic reactions occur. Everyone must go home with an adrenaline auto injector and…

…repolarisation: J point elevation ≥ 1 mm with notching or slurring in the inferolateral leads. See also the Calculators section for QTc formulas and risk scores.

…ongoing compression therapy, and always in the event of new or increasing pain. Preparation and equipment Doppler for the ankle brachial index, blood pressure cuff…

…spray for the pharynx and lidocaine gel for the electrode. A glass of water with a straw, a vomit bowl, tissues, suction. Monitoring with ECG…

…PTFE coating for a shorter period. Procedure In men 1. Supine with the legs slightly apart. Create a sterile field and lay out the equipment…

…Brugada's algorithm is the most used algorithm for distinguishing ventricular tachycardia (VT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with wide QRS complex. The algorithm entails 5…

…Lip GY. Performance of the HEMORR₂HAGES, ATRIA, and HAS BLED bleeding risk prediction scores in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing anticoagulation: the AMADEUS study. J…