…the treatment that heals venous leg ulcers; everything else is supportive. But the same compression applied to a limb with arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis…

…etiologies when promptly and appropriately addressed. Both venous and arterial blood gases can be utilized for the analysis of electrolyte levels. Electrocardiography (ECG) serves as…

Critical care Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiogenic shock is a state of inadequate tissue and end organ perfusion caused by cardiac insufficiency…

Procedurer The ankle brachial index is the cheapest and most accessible method of objectively demonstrating peripheral arterial disease, and it is needed more often than…

…mg/mL, one ampoule. A peripheral venous cannula and a saline flush. A tube for serum or plasma cortisol according to local instructions, and a…

…3.0 A mechanical valve may require a higher target Doses in venous thromboembolism Treatment doses in deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism differ from…

…burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation to the hand. Vascular disease in the limb: marked peripheral arterial disease, Raynaud's phenomenon…

…in patients who remain unconscious. The evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against active cooling to 32–36 °C. The HYPERION result means that…

…and arrhythmias Endocarditis – due to risk of embolization Deep venous thrombosis – due to risk of embolization Relative contraindications for exercise ECG Severe hypertension (systolic blood…

…catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted peripheral venous access during prolonged intravenous therapy…

…rule that saves time is simple: two attempts or 90 seconds — then go intraosseous. Indications Peripheral venous cannula: Intravenous drug treatment, fluid or blood products…

…are common differential diagnoses which represent contraindications for thrombolysis. Venous thromboembolism is a chronic and serious condition. Mortality in pulmonary embolism is up to 20…

…on venous circulation. • May cause reflex sympathetic stimulation (can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of beta blockers). Effects Induces arteriolar vasodilation without effects on venous…

…air is substantial enough to compress the superior and inferior vena cava, impeding or halting venous return to the heart. In instances of tension pneumothorax…

…Management : : : Medial triangle of the face (nasal root, alae nasi, upper lip) Venous drainage towards the cavernous sinus Surgeon or ENT; often antibiotics Palm, fingers…

…or unexplained AKI. 3. Assess the circulation and volume status, including signs of both hypovolaemia and venous congestion. 4. Take an urgent panel: creatinine, urea…

…has high diagnostic accuracy [2]. A venous blood gas is generally sufficient for the assessment of pH and bicarbonate. An arterial blood gas is needed…

…plasma glucose when the situation allows. Glucose meters are less reliable in the hypoglycaemic range. Poor peripheral circulation, cold fingers, sampling errors and contamination can…

…and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes…

…access, or rapid central access, but do not delay transfusion or control of the bleeding in order to obtain a central venous catheter. 4. Take…

…renal failure or on dialysis, where DOACs lack documentation or have only weak evidence. Venous thromboembolism when a DOAC cannot be used (interactions, cost, adherence…

…resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling pressure (pre load), since it has no effects on the venous capacitance vessels. Hence, Clevidipine reduces blood…

…resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling pressure (pre load), since it has no effects on the venous capacitance vessels. Hence, Clevidipine reduces blood…

…as described by the relationship: MAP = (CO × SVR) + Central Venous Pressure (CVP) This equation illustrates that MAP is determined by the volume of blood…

…a normal or low pulse pressure, an elevated jugular venous pressure with a paradoxical rise on inspiration (Kussmaul sign), and a difficult to palpate apex…

…pressures approaching intrapericardial pressure. The jugular venous waveform typically has a prominent x descent and an absent or markedly reduced y descent. The clinical impact…

…or large vessel arteritis Pulmonary arterial vasculopathy and pulmonary hypertension Arterial and venous thrombosis Valvular heart disease Cardiac dysrhythmias Arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction The…

…considerably. Symptoms of systemic venous congestion include: Peripheral edema Rapid weight gain Increasing abdominal girth Early satiety Bendopnea Abdominal ascites Older patients may present atypically…

…coronary venous pressure: Distal coronary driving pressure: distal coronary pressure minus coronary venous pressure Normal coronary driving pressure: mean aortic pressure minus coronary venous pressure…

…or both. Consequently, relatively small increases in venous return can produce disproportionate increases in left ventricular and left atrial pressure. At rest, filling pressures may…

…been extended to peripheral arterial disease, ischaemic stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and calcific aortic valve stenosis. Lp(a) is not associated with venous thromboembolism in…

…decreased venous capacitance and an elevation in right atrial pressure. Levosimendan represents a distinct class of inodilator. It enhances myocardial contractility and induces peripheral vasodilation…

…most common risk factor for PH. It produces postcapillary PH through elevation of left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure. In some patients, chronic postcapillary pr

…Consequently, left ventricular filling falls and cardiac output may become markedly depressed. Right sided filling pressures—including central venous, right atrial, and right ventricular end…

…occur in over 40% of females and 30% of males due to a lack of effective reflex response to posture, venous pooling, or external stimuli…

…a cardiac arrest, the venous and arterial pressures are substantially reduced, potentially leading to complete obstruction of venous return by the uterus. This can be…

…It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest since these cases tend to be recognized and managed before circulatory collapse occurs…

…A rapid increase in preload (e.g by increasing venous return to the heart in supine position) leads to an immediate increase in ejection fraction…

…a type of ECLS, operates by drawing venous blood from the patient to an oxygenator (gas exchanger), where it undergoes oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal…

…resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling pressure (pre load), since it has no effects on the venous capacitance vessels. Hence, Clevidipine reduces blood…

…These factors, which influence cardiac function primarily by affecting ventricular function, include blood pressure, venous return, pulmonary gas exchange efficiency, the concentration of catecholamines, angiotensin…

…further reducing myocardial workload. Levosimendan is used in severe acute or chronic heart failure. Consider urgent angiography in patients with unknown etiology for acute severe…

…pain, haemoptysis, syncope and palpitations. Orthopnoea, weight gain and peripheral oedema. Previous hypercapnia, NIV or invasive ventilation. Home oxygen and the patient's usual saturation…

…exhaustion and impending respiratory arrest. A venous blood gas can give useful information about pH and the trend in carbon dioxide, but in critical illness…

…failure. A peripheral venous blood gas is easier to obtain and can often be used for an initial assessment of pH and the metabolic component…

…drawn up in a syringe as a standby dose. Glycopyrronium (Robinul) 0.2 mg is an alternative premedication. Peripheral venous cannula, saline flush. ECG monitoring…

…visible. Capnography connected and calibrated. Working venous access, fluid and a vasopressor drawn up — push dose noradrenaline or phenylephrine must be ready before induction , not…

…blood pressure measurement when a hypertensive emergency is suspected. 3. Insert a peripheral venous cannula. 4. Measure the blood pressure in both arms at the…

…for pain). An opioid is rarely the right choice in nociplastic or neuropathic pain, in chronic non cancer pain, or in headache. A failure to…

…tachypnoea, cold periphery Almost always Pulsus paradoxus above 10 mmHg A fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration; one of the most useful signs Low…

…gives 1 point each for age 80 years, cancer, chronic cardiac or pulmonary disease, a pulse ≥ 110/min, a systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg…

…local practice, oxygen if hypoxaemic, two large bore peripheral cannulae 0 to 10 min A blood gas with lactate, two sets of blood cultures, and…

…the initial sympathetic response can give way to hypotension, hypoxia, hypoglycaemia and circulatory failure [5]. Plasma glucose immediately Check the capillary or venous glucose i

…where the pads would go. Transvenous pacing: the relative contraindications are the same as for a central venous catheter — coagulopathy, infection at the puncture site…

…Severe hypernatraemia. Preparation and equipment Two peripheral venous cannulas, or a central venous catheter for longer treatment. Sodium bicarbonate 50 mg/mL (corresponding to 0…

…exceed available blood flow. The resulting ischaemia threatens skeletal muscle and peripheral nerves and may progress rapidly to irreversible tissue injury. Skeletal muscle and nerves…

…receptors is responsible for the side effects of heart block, wheezing, and peripheral vasodilation, respectively. Pharmacokinetics and Administration Technique Adenosine is extensively and rapidly cleared…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months…

…fibrillation OSA or daytime symptoms suggestive of sleep disordered breathing Hypoventilation Peripheral oedema or venous disease Reduced mobility Osteoarthritis and low back pain Symptoms of…

…collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in relation to VSR. Large infarction, especially for…