…jugular venous distension in the days after MI should prompt immediate consideration of a mechanical complication. Clinical deterioration may be abrupt or progressive, and cardiogenic…

…of complications calls for careful consideration of contraindications. Contraindications may be absolute or relative. Briefly, exercise stress testing must not be performed in the presence…

…Depression, low self esteem or body image disturbance The number and severity of obesity related complications generally increase as the degree of obesity rises. Nevertheless…

…and the ventricles (particularly the former). Even small pressure elevations on the right side can compromise venous return to the right ventricle. Therefore, in the…

…still used in many units to assess the collateral circulation, but the test does not reliably predict ischaemic complications and should not decide the matter…

…Sustained hypoperfusion reduces oxygen and nutrient delivery and, when severe or prolonged, produces multiorgan dysfunction and death. In the setting of ST elevation myocardial infarction…

…2,3]. Respiratory complications occur, but untreated convulsive status itself carries a considerable risk of hypoxia and respiratory failure. In placebo controlled trials, respiratory depression…

…in the heart. These conditions may be ranked according to their embolic potential. Conditions with high embolic potential entail a high risk of embolism and…

…a central venous catheter insertion is decided before the needle goes in: the choice of site, the use of ultrasound throughout the puncture, and maintaining…

…Children in an emergency, where peripheral venous access often takes too long. Intraosseous access accepts all drugs, fluids and blood products that can be given…

…heals venous leg ulcers; everything else is supportive. But the same compression applied to a limb with arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis and, in the…

…and improvements in CT techniques, have increased the detection of pulmonary embolism. Currently, the lifetime risk of developing venous thromboembolism is 8% for individuals 45…

…blockers). Effects Induces arteriolar vasodilation without effects on venous circulation. The reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is rapid and may cause reflex sympathetic stimulation…

…Both venous and arterial blood gases can be utilized for the analysis of electrolyte levels. Electrocardiography (ECG) serves as a valuable tool for detecting and…

…when the volume of air is substantial enough to compress the superior and inferior vena cava, impeding or halting venous return to the heart. In…

…alae nasi, upper lip) Venous drainage towards the cavernous sinus Surgeon or ENT; often antibiotics Palm, fingers, tendon sheaths Deep compartments and tendon sheaths, loss…

…Perform a bladder scan in oliguria, anuria or unexplained AKI. 3. Assess the circulation and volume status, including signs of both hypovolaemia and venous congestion…

…higher target Doses in venous thromboembolism Treatment doses in deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism differ from the atrial fibrillation doses and include an initial…

…ketone body in DKA is beta hydroxybutyrate, whereas ordinary urine dipsticks mainly measure acetoacetate. Urine ketones may therefore underestimate the ketosis early on and remain…

…a venous plasma glucose, but do not delay treatment of a neurologically compromised patient. Continuous glucose monitoring reflects interstitial glucose and lags behind the blood…

…in the emergency department, the intensive care or coronary care unit, and the operating theatre. Careful electrocardiographic and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous…

…transfusion or control of the bleeding in order to obtain a central venous catheter. 4. Take samples for blood grouping and cross matching before transfusion…

…stenosis with atrial fibrillation. In uncomplicated atrial fibrillation and in ordinary venous thromboembolism, a DOAC is the first choice in Sweden. Warfarin is started today…

…on the venous capacitance vessels. Hence, Clevidipine reduces blood pressure without affecting cardiac filling pressures. • Clevidipine is more effective than nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and nicardipine in…

…on the venous capacitance vessels. Hence, Clevidipine reduces blood pressure without affecting cardiac filling pressures. • Clevidipine is more effective than nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and nicardipine in…

…Central Venous Pressure (CVP) This equation illustrates that MAP is determined by the volume of blood the heart pumps and the resistance encountered in the…

…A history of increasing frequency of hospitalizations and visits for heart failure without disease recognition in the 3 years preceding diagnosis is also a notable…

…haemodynamically by elevation and near equalization of diastolic pressures in the cardiac chambers, with chamber pressures approaching intrapericardial pressure. The jugular venous waveform typically has…

…APS and Behçet disease can cause both arterial and venous thrombosis. In SLE, renal artery involvement may contribute to difficult to control hypertension. The cardiovascular…

…failure and occurs in more than 90% of patients presenting with the syndrome. Its severity and temporal pattern vary considerably. Symptoms of systemic venous congestion…

…aortic pressure minus coronary venous pressure In routine clinical practice, coronary venous pressure is generally assumed to be zero, yielding the simplified ratio of mean…

…The left ventricle may have apparently preserved global systolic emptying while exhibiting impaired relaxation, increased passive stiffness, or both. Consequently, relatively small increases in venous…

…abdominal aortic aneurysm, and calcific aortic valve stenosis. Lp(a) is not associated with venous thromboembolism in prospective epidemiological studies. Its biological effects appear to…

Cardiology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to…

…disease is the most common risk factor for PH. It produces postcapillary PH through elevation of left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure. In some patients…

…The central management principle is preservation of adequate right ventricular preload while supporting left ventricular performance and systemic circulation. Improvement in left ventricular function also…

…in over 40% of females and 30% of males due to a lack of effective reflex response to posture, venous pooling, or external stimuli. The…

…cardiac arrest. In: Paradis NA, Halperin HR, Kern KB, Wenzel V, Chamberlain DA, editors. Cardiac arrest—the science and practice of resuscitation medicine. Kitamura T…

…and afterload. A rapid increase in preload (e.g by increasing venous return to the heart in supine position) leads to an immediate increase in…

…At 30 days, 20% of those in the extracorporeal CPR group and 16% in the conventional CPR group had a favorable neurologic outcome. This difference…

…on the venous capacitance vessels. Hence, Clevidipine reduces blood pressure without affecting cardiac filling pressures. • Clevidipine is more effective than nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and nicardipine in…

…renal and neurohormonal factors. These factors, which influence cardiac function primarily by affecting ventricular function, include blood pressure, venous return, pulmonary gas exchange efficiency, the…

…group and 54% in the dobutamine group, with a relative risk of 0.90 (95% CI: 0.69 to 1.19; P=0.47). The study…

…cancer and previous venous thromboembolism. A documented decision on the ceiling of care. Signs of a serious condition Finding Significance : : Inability to speak in full…

…indicate exhaustion and impending respiratory arrest. A venous blood gas can give useful information about pH and the trend in carbon dioxide, but in critical…

…assessment in known coronary or cerebrovascular disease. Follow up after vascular surgery or endovascular intervention. Assessment of healing potential in ulcers and before deciding the…

…assessment of pH and the metabolic component, but it should not be regarded as fully interchangeable with an arterial sample [3]. Venous pH is on…

…a minute and has gone after 5–10 minutes. That makes the test useful only if you have selected an objectively measurable finding in advance…

…surgery — and cardiac arrest. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications in the emergency situation. Consider alternatives when: Intubation is not consistent with the treatment plan…

…oximetry and repeated blood pressure measurement when a hypertensive emergency is suspected. 3. Insert a peripheral venous cannula. 4. Measure the blood pressure in both…

…paracetamol and a COX inhibitor are not enough: fracture, renal colic, ischaemic pain, pancreatitis, major trauma. Postoperative pain. Cancer related pain and pain in the…

…anaesthesia and intubation can precipitate circulatory collapse in a tamponaded patient , since positive airway pressure further reduces the venous return. Procedure Choice of access The…

…without malignancy and without antiphospholipid syndrome. The doses in venous thromboembolism include an initial high dose phase and differ from the doses used in atrial…

…output, respiration, chest findings, MAP and the response to every intervention Within 60 min Contact intensive care in shock, rapidly progressive organ dysfunction, respiratory failure…

…a venous cannula. Wait a few minutes — the venepuncture itself can cause a stress related rise in cortisol. 3. Take the baseline sample : cortisol and…

…measurement and the active prevention of fever — defined as a temperature above about 37.7–37.8 °C — for at least 72 hours in patients…

…and preparedness. Asystole with no electrical activity at all — pacing has no documented benefit there. Transcutaneous pacing: burns or wounds in the area where the…

…regional poison control centre in poisoning before treatment is started. They give current advice on the treatment threshold, sampling intervals and when dialysis should be…

…Arterial and venous Doppler signals Evidence of systemic disease or a potential embolic source Neurological assessment is central to triage. Sensory loss extending beyond the…

…occur within the sinus and atrioventricular (AV) nodes. In addition to these direct effects, adenosine antagonizes catecholamine stimulated adenylate cyclase. This inhibition decreases the accumulation…