ECG Pacemaker malfunction, troubleshooting and ECG Conventional surface ECG can reveal the following types of pacemaker dysfunction: Failure to capture (FTC) , which means that the…

…to return of bowel function without reducing the risk of complications. Contraindications Type Condition : : Absolute Suspected base of skull fracture or a marked midfacial fracture …

…Expand it with 5–10 mL of saline through an intravenous cannula. 4. Tape the drawstring to a gauze pad against the cheek so that…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL…

…ratio was 0.83, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.72–0.95 and an absolute risk reduction of 2.4%. There was no…

…boot), or a class 2–3 compression stocking. Tape measure for ankle circumference — this governs the choice of material and bandaging technique. Procedure Assessment 1…

…Mobitz type 1 block is characterized by a gradual prolongation of the PR interval over a few heart cycles until an atrial impulse is completely…

Visual assessment of regional wall motion (left ventricle) TYPE OF MOTION DEFINITION WALL MOTION SCORE Normal Normal thickening (typically 30% thickening from end diastole to…

…Figure 3. Prognosis in aortic stenosis according to type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient…

…shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood…

…and nicardipine in hypertensive emergencies. Time to onset of action 2 4 minutes Duration of action 5 15 minutes Delivery IV (infusion). Dose Initial dose:…

…E/e′ (mean) < 14 < 14 Aortic valve area 3.0–4.0 cm² 3.0–4.0 cm² Grading of aortic stenosis: mild…

…and nicardipine in hypertensive emergencies. Time to onset of action 2 4 minutes Duration of action 5 15 minutes Delivery IV (infusion). Dose Initial dose:…

…a longer resting period is advised. 4. Which of the following describes a 'Black athlete repolarization variant' considered a normal ECG finding? A: T wave…

…node and in contractile myocardial cells. Phase 4 of the action potential in the sinoatrial node is called "pacemaker potential", because it is responsible for…

…and nicardipine in hypertensive emergencies. Time to onset of action 2 4 minutes Duration of action 5 15 minutes Delivery IV (infusion). Dose Initial dose:…

…and whether the other variable lies within the expected range of compensation. Sample type and baseline values An arterial blood gas is the reference method…

…and QRS 110 ms. Brugada pattern type 1: ST elevation ≥ 2 mm of coved type with a negative T wave in V1–V2. Early repolarisation:…

…endoscopy DPP 4 inhibitor A low risk of hypoglycaemia; it can usually be continued Red flags and pitfalls Stopping basal insulin in type 1 diabetes…

…Second degree AV block Mobitz type I (Wenckebach block) : repeated cycles of gradually increasing PR interval until an atrial impulse (P wave) is blocked in…

…Type B IMH: involves the descending aorta distal to the left subclavian artery. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer PAU is focal ulceration of an atherosclerotic plaque that…

…lacunar infarct (occlusion of small penetrating arteries) : This is the most common type of ischaemic stroke, resulting from the occlusion of small penetrating arteries that…

…Paper speed 50 mm/s. Type 1 Brugada syndrome reminds somewhat of right bundle branch block (RBBB) in leads V1–V3, but the QRS duration…

…systemic inflammation [7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases), obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD…

…Second degree AV block Mobitz type I (Wenckebach block) : repeated cycles of gradually increasing PR interval until an atrial impulse (P wave) is blocked in…

…depending on e.g the type of pacemaker, intrinsic cardiac activity, etc. The cardinal manifestation of pacing on surface ECG is the stimulation artifact (Figure…

…infarction – Particularly ischemia or infarction located to the inferior wall of the left ventricle. This type of bradycardia is due to diminished automaticity (pacemaker function…

…that type of normalization is much slower and it is explained by the gradual death (and thus the disappearance of membrane potential) in the ischemic…

…What usually ruins the examination is not the technique but the handling of the specimen — an aspirate that clots before the smears are made is…

…exceed 60 cmH₂O . Gel cuffed masks of the i gel type have no cuff to inflate and are chosen on weight alone. When in doubt…

…patients with elevated TnT levels who had underlying cardiovascular disease, of which 69.4% died. Guo et al also report a significant association between troponin…

…settings, while the broader lipid lowering recommendation refers to a recurrent event without requiring that it be of the same type as the initial event…

…main components of the conduction system is dysfunctional. Conduction defects in the bundle branches and/or fascicles cause characteristic ECG changes. The type of ECG…

…AV block 2 Mobitz type 2 and AV block 3. The only treatment with a class I recommendation for the management of acute bradycardia is…

…Junctional rhythm First degree AV block Second degree AV block Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach block) Pauses up to 4 seconds in patients with atrial fibrillation…

…of diagnosed UA has precipitously declined, as many cases previously classified as UA are now recognized as micro infarctions (NSTEMI) [8] . Type 1 vs. Type…

…Figure 3. Several cases of type 2 second degree sinoatrial block. Third degree sinoatrial (SA) block Third degree sinoatrial block implies that no impulses are…

…lowest rib and the iliac crest, at the end of expiration, with the tape horizontal and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement…

…to the pulmonary valve. 4. Pulmonary Valve Velocity Time Integral (PV VTI) Optimal View : Short axis (SAX) view of the aortic arch, visualizing the pulmonary…

…into the intima via diapedesis, and differentiate into tissue macrophages under the influence of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M CSF) [4] . These macrophages express scavenger…

…hand secured with tape. Greater extension makes the artery harder to palpate. Procedure Catheter over needle (direct technique) 1. Palpate the course of the artery…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four…

…plaque disruption is not a feature of Type 2 MI. The pathophysiology of Type 2 MI is fundamentally distinct from that of Type 1 MI…

…central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation…

…chemistry & laboratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology B type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N terminal pro BNP (NT proBNP) are circulating markers of myocardial wall stress…

…This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy , can be caused by any tachyarrhythmia leading to prolonged periods of rapid ventricular rate (Table…

…risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and specific cancers. BMI and cardiovascular outcomes High BMI is associated with several health conditions: Type 2 diabetes…

…RNA (siRNA) designed to reduce production of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). It acts through degradation of the messenger RNA encoding PCSK9 within…

…to apolipoprotein(a). The length of apolipoprotein(a) varies because of genetically determined differences in the number of kringle IV type 2 repeats. Lp(a)…

…type 4a MI is defined by: cTn greater than 5 times the 99th percentile upper reference limit; and At least one of the following: New…

…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)…

…crush technique, stent fracture or collapse Lesion specific angiographic features Residual dissection at a stent margin, impaired flow into or out of the stent, stent…

…cause (etiology) of chest pain varies according to age, sex, risk factors, type of symptoms etc. Chest pain is one of the most nuanced symptoms…

Echocardiography Definition and types of cardiomyopathies Cardiomyopathy implies that the myocardium is structurally and functionally altered, and the pathological changes are not explained by coronary…

…It may be broken, as in Figure 1 . Any type of infarction may cause pathological R wave progression. However, the specificity for pathological R wave…

…are classified into three types: first degree, second degree, and third degree AV blocks. Readers already familiar with the basics of AV blocks can proceed…

…Always follow the local protocol for exact infusion rates, electrolyte concentrations and level of care. This quick reference is intended primarily for adults and summarises…

…COPD Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation. Type 2: PaO₂…

…Otherwise: Type Contraindication : : Absolute No safe pocket of fluid to puncture (no ultrasound verified fluid) Relative Uncorrected coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia Relative Ongoing anticoagulant treatment — plan…

…myocardial ischaemia or syncope — that has not responded to atropine: Complete heart block (third degree AV block) and second degree AV block Mobitz type 2…