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Assessment of Pacemaker Malfunction

ECG Pacemaker malfunction, troubleshooting and ECG Conventional surface ECG can reveal the following types of pacemaker dysfunction: Failure to capture (FTC) , which means that the…

Nasogastric tube

…to return of bowel function without reducing the risk of complications. Contraindications Type Condition : : Absolute Suspected base of skull fracture or a marked midfacial fracture …

Epistaxis — compression, cautery and anterior nasal packing

…Expand it with 5–10 mL of saline through an intravenous cannula. 4. Tape the drawstring to a gauze pad against the cheek so that…

PCSK9 Inhibitors: Indications, Efficacy and Access

…Definition and Pathophysiology Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

…ratio was 0.83, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.72–0.95 and an absolute risk reduction of 2.4%. There was no…

Leg ulcers — wound debridement and compression therapy

…boot), or a class 2–3 compression stocking. Tape measure for ankle circumference — this governs the choice of material and bandaging technique. Procedure Assessment 1…

Second-degree AV block: Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach) & Mobitz type 2 block

…Mobitz type 1 block is characterized by a gradual prolongation of the PR interval over a few heart cycles until an atrial impulse is completely…

🟠 Left ventricular dimension and systolic function

Visual assessment of regional wall motion (left ventricle) TYPE OF MOTION DEFINITION WALL MOTION SCORE Normal Normal thickening (typically 30% thickening from end diastole to…

Aortic stenosis

…Figure 3. Prognosis in aortic stenosis according to type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient…

Incretins in Cardiometabolic Medicine: Leveraging GLP-1, GIP, and Glucagon Receptor Agonism for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction

…shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood…

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