…In contemporary practice, ISR remains the most frequent cause of PCI failure, despite its substantially lower incidence with drug eluting stents (DES) than with bare…

…non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage or death [3]. Acute overview 1…

…and it is the time to haemorrhage control that determines the outcome. Indications Symptomatic anaemia, or a haemoglobin below the applicable transfusion threshold (see below…

…in type 2 diabetes Usually type 2 diabetes, older age and a longer symptomatic course Consciousness Usually preserved, but may be impaired in severe DKA…

…cervical spine surgery, atlantoaxial instability, severe rheumatoid arthritis of the neck. Symptomatic carotid stenosis, recent stroke or TIA in the vertebrobasilar territory. Retinal detachment. Relative:…

…excitation with atrial fibrillation and a very rapid ventricular rate. Elective or subacute: Symptomatic persistent atrial fibrillation where rhythm control is the aim. Atrial flutter…

…48 hours, or ongoing unstable angina. Uncontrolled symptomatic arrhythmia. Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Decompensated heart failure. Acute pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis. Acute myocarditis…

…not to normalise the plasma sodium. Chronic or minimally symptomatic hyponatraemia must be corrected in a controlled fashion, since too rapid a rise can cause…

…Haemarthrosis after trauma. A symptomatic effusion causing pain or restricted movement (therapeutic aspiration). Intra articular corticosteroid injection in verified inflammatory or osteoarthritis related joint disease…

…aspiration: a new pleural effusion of unclear cause. An effusion not confidently explained by heart failure must be aspirated. Suspected empyema or complicated parapneumonic effusion…

…Hypocalcaemia , symptomatic. Alkalosis increases the binding of calcium to albumin and lowers ionised calcium further; risk of tetany and seizures. Anuria or established renal failure…

…referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic, the condition is classified as sick sinus syndrome…

…and Management Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) There is overwhelming evidence that ACE inhibitors should be used in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with…

Cardiology Definition and classification Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements…

…before ivabradine is considered. The evidence base included patients with symptomatic NYHA class II or III HFrEF, a previous heart failure hospitalisation, sinus rhythm and…

…promote atherosclerosis. The principal anatomical distributions are: Abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, involved in approximately 30% of symptomatic patients. Femoral and popliteal arteries, involved in…

…coronary heart disease (CAD) and coronary artery disease (CHD) are synonyms. These terms refer to symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis. Traditional classification of coronary artery disease Traditionally…

…particularly high risk of developing life threatening arrhythmias. Antiarrhythmic drugs Disopyramide Indications Prophylaxis and treatment of symptomatic ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Prophylaxis and treatment of atrial fibrillation…

…decades. Potential explanations for this trend include an ageing population, increased incidence and prevalence of cancer, heart failure, obesity, type 2 diabetes and physical inactivity…

…to adequately increase its automaticity during physical activity). Sinus arrest & sinus pause (intermittent failures to discharge impulses). Sinoatrial block (delayed or blocked impulse conduction between…

…coronary heart disease (CAD) and coronary artery disease (CHD) are synonyms. These terms refer to symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis. Traditional classification of coronary artery disease Traditionally…

…DrugBank search Aclarubicin Acrivastine QT prolongation has been described (see PubMed link). An antihistamine agent used for the symptomatic relief of seasonal allergic rhinitis, rhinorrhea…

…thresholds. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Most AAAs are asymptomatic and are identified either during routine abdominal examination or incidentally on imaging performed for another indication…

…pulse deficits, or visceral ischaemia. Approximately 25% of PAUs are discovered incidentally on imaging, although an incidental lesion may subsequently become symptomatic or progress. The

…precipitating factors such as anaemia, uncontrolled hypertension, thyrotoxicosis, tachyarrhythmia, uncontrolled heart failure, and concomitant valvular disease. Risk factor modification, physical activity, dietary and lifestyle measures…

…however, identify symptomatic hypotension and symptoms suggestive of orthostatic hypotension as indications for additional postural assessment and as factors influencing treatment targets. Blood pressure ≥180…

…More broadly, bradyarrhythmic arrest and asystole represent severe manifestations of impulse generation or conduction failure. The pathophysiology of these events may stem from reversible causes…

…sufficiently high for targeted screening to be cost effective. For asymptomatic stenosis of at least 70%, the reported 5 year ipsilateral stroke risk is 14…

…Non acute heart failure in which an ischaemic or cardiometabolic cause is suspected. Selected asymptomatic individuals in whom coronary disease is detected incidentally or during…

…frames many pharmacological recommendations for patients with symptomatic NYHA class II–IV HFrEF. Advanced or refractory heart failure should be considered when there is recurrent…

…glycoside first described by William Withering in 1775, is the oldest pharmacologic agent in the heart failure armamentarium. Its use has declined over time due…

…and clinical phenotype Heart failure with an LVEF greater than 40%—comprising HFmrEF and HFpEF—accounts for approximately half of patients with symptomatic heart failure…

…with one agent. It may also be preferable in patients aged ≥85 years, those with symptomatic orthostatic hypotension, moderate to severe frailty, or very old…

…Because bradycardia and AV block can be paroxysmal, extended ambulatory monitoring is often required to capture symptomatic events. A typical 24 to 48 hour Holter…

…is variable. Patients may have: Stable angina or an anginal equivalent Exertional dyspnoea or reduced exercise tolerance Acute coronary syndrome Silent ischaemia Heart failure, particularly…

…substantially greater LDL C reductions than ezetimibe in statin intolerant populations. In symptomatic atherosclerotic disease, the international guideline identifies benefit from adding PCSK9 inhibition to…

…heart failure or cardiogenic shock. In chronic coronary disease, the principal symptomatic indication for revascularization is angina that remains refractory despite medical therapy when significant…

…but symptom characteristics and clinical judgement must be incorporated. In symptomatic individuals without known CAD, newer clinical prediction algorithms are preferred over older approaches based…

…assessment. The clinical burden of AF does not reliably predict stroke risk. Infrequent episodes observed during office based assessments may coexist with asymptomatic episodes. Consequently…

…2 AV block, third degree AV block). Sick sinus syndrome or symptomatic bradycardia in the absence of a pacemaker. Hypersensitivity to adenosine. Administration Normal route…

…in most Western populations. Individuals with bicuspid aortic valves may develop symptomatic aortic stenosis already at the age of 60 years. Bicuspid aortic valves also…

…suspicion of ARVC. The gradual loss of myocardium leads to ventricular dilation and right heart failure. Biventricular heart failure is less common. ECG in ARVC…

…The ECG must always be interpreted systematically. Failure to perform a systematic interpretation of the ECG may be detrimental. The interpretation algorithm presented below is…

…MI) within 48 hours Ongoing unstable angina Uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia with hemodynamic compromise Active endocarditis Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis Decompensated heart failure Acute pulmonary embolism…

…young individuals. The severity of symptoms and presence of high risk arrhythmias on ECG guides the management of non acute or asymptomatic bradyarrhythmia. In patients…

…stenosis is a slowly progressing disease that eventually causes heart failure. Mitral stenosis typically becomes symptomatic at rest when the valve area is reduced to…

…toward them. A permanent pacemaker is generally indicated when reversible causes are absent and the patient is symptomatic or at risk of developing symptoms. The…

…haemodynamics, not the volume of fluid. A litre that has accumulated slowly can be asymptomatic, while 150 mL collected over an hour causes tamponade. The…

…to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family history? A:…

…on the coronary arteries. The tumors can be asymptomatic for a long time and be detected randomly when investigating other conditions. More dramatic onset of…

…Routine gynaecological examination of asymptomatic women has not been shown to improve outcomes and is not part of the screening programme — screening consists of the…

…term hypertensive urgency is best avoided. It implies that an asymptomatic rise in blood pressure must be treated urgently, which is not supported by evidence…

…and APS. Some patient groups have a two to three fold greater prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) than the general population. The evidence…

…presentation is notoriously heterogeneous, ranging from lifelong asymptomatic ECG anomalies to electrical storm and sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) as the index presentation. Over the past…

…the outer cell membrane. Clinical presentation of Brugada syndrome Most patients are asymptomatic until the age of 20 to 55 years. The disorder may manifest…

…serious arrhythmia or acute heart failure. Routine opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable and asymptomatic patient is by contrast not…

…5–7 mg/kg IV as a single dose Urosepsis with shock and suspected ESBL meropenem 1 g × 3 IV Do not treat asymptomatic bacteriuria…

…or with continued glucose administration adapted to the cause. 8. Identify drugs, renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor…

…cardiac arrest mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction. acute heart failure recurrent dynamic ST segment or T wave changes, particularly with intermittent ST segment elevation…

…are available. Further diagnostic imaging solely because calcified plaque is present in an asymptomatic individual is not supported by the available evidence described here. Systematic…