…Indications Symptomatic anaemia, or a haemoglobin below the applicable transfusion threshold (see below). Ongoing bleeding with haemodynamic compromise, whatever the current haemoglobin — haemoglobin falls late…

…identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular pathology CT perfusion Used with an unclear time of onset, a late time window, or when thrombectomy…

…profoundly symptomatic despite optimal neurohormonal blockade and adequate volume control. It is also utilized for ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic…

…at any age. Exercise, or any other activity causing adrenergic stimulation, increase the risk of syncope, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac arrest. ARVC can cause…

…level of consciousness. Unstable monomorphic VT with a pulse. Pre excitation with atrial fibrillation and a very rapid ventricular rate. Elective or subacute: Symptomatic persistent…

…A symptomatic effusion causing pain or restricted movement (therapeutic aspiration). Intra articular corticosteroid injection in verified inflammatory or osteoarthritis related joint disease. Contraindications Infection of…

…resolution does not consistently permit identification of foamy macrophages. The occurrence of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other stent related events may arise well…

…strategy should be considered in patients presenting late (12–48 h) after symptom onset. IIa B In asymptomatic patients, routine PCI of an occluded in

…stable, asymptomatic patients without severe ischaemia. Evaluation and Physical Examination The initial evaluation should be structured to establish a working diagnosis of STEMI rapidly, identify…

…years later in females. Untreated HoFH is associated with extensive premature and progressive ASCVD; CAD and aortic stenosis may occur before the age of 20…

…80% of men display ST segment elevations that are not caused by ischemia and a significant proportion have ST T changes caused by other pathological…

…gas is needed mainly when concomitant respiratory failure or an exact assessment of oxygenation requires it [3]. Calculation of osmolality Use the same formula throughout…

…history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds…

Procedurer The value of the exercise test lies not in ST depression alone but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart…

…Scale below 8 Vomiting together with clear neurological impairment Respiratory failure or respiratory arrest Clinical signs of raised intracranial pressure or impending herniation Moderately severe…

…Choose a point with at least 15 mm depth of fluid throughout the respiratory cycle and where the lung does not come up against the…

…Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions with a high risk of fluid overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant metabolic…

…If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic, the condition is classified as sick sinus syndrome (SSS) . Causes of tachycardia (tachyarrhythmia) with narrow…

…dose of diuretic first. However, clinicians may need to reduce the dose of diuretic during the initiation of an ACE inhibitor to prevent symptomatic hypotension…

…hypertrophy, or echocardiographic evidence of impaired filling, make the diagnosis more likely. HFpEF and HFmrEF together account for approximately half of patients with symptomatic HF…

…and may not be required in asymptomatic patients. Before drug treatment, recommended or suggested measures include: reassurance; exercise training; volume expansion; avoidance of cardiac stimulants…

…promote atherosclerosis. The principal anatomical distributions are: Abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, involved in approximately 30% of symptomatic patients. Femoral and popliteal arteries, involved in…

…artery disease (CHD) are synonyms. These terms refer to symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis. Traditional classification of coronary artery disease Traditionally, coronary artery disease has been classified…

…of atrial fibrillation in patients without structural heart disease (reduced left ventricular function is considered a structural heart disease). AVNRT, AVRT (WPW syndrome) and other…

…of hemodynamic alterations which may culminate in cardiac arrest. Pulmonary embolism is causally related to deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Approximately 70% of individuals with symptomatic…

…are asymptomatic. Symptomatic patients typically experience fatigue, dizziness, dyspnea, presyncope/syncope, or diminished exercise tolerance. Whenever such symptoms are associated with ECG evidence of sinus…

…artery disease (CHD) are synonyms. These terms refer to symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis. Traditional classification of coronary artery disease Traditionally, coronary artery disease has been classified…

…DrugBank search Aclarubicin Acrivastine QT prolongation has been described (see PubMed link). An antihistamine agent used for the symptomatic relief of seasonal allergic rhinitis, rhinorrhea…

…This difference informs the use of sex specific surveillance and repair thresholds. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Most AAAs are asymptomatic and are identified either during…

…pulse deficits, or visceral ischaemia. Approximately 25% of PAUs are discovered incidentally on imaging, although an incidental lesion may subsequently become symptomatic or progress. The

…CCS. General strategy For most patients, initial therapy consists of a beta blocker and/or a calcium channel blocker (CCB). If symptoms remain inadequately controlled…

…the typical symptoms or symptom burden of uncomplicated hypertension. It does, however, identify symptomatic hypotension and symptoms suggestive of orthostatic hypotension as indications for additional…

…setting of cardiac arrest, it is essential to reconfirm the rhythm in two leads if possible to distinguish true bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest from other…

…focal neurological symptoms. Asymptomatic disease may be discovered during targeted duplex ultrasound (DUS), pre operative assessment, or evaluation of other atherosclerotic disease. Routine population screening…

…The absence of chest pain does not exclude clinically important CCS. Silent or minimally symptomatic disease may occur in patients with diabetes and autonomic neuropathy…

…on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is defined by the combination of symptoms, with or without physical signs…

…for approximately half of patients with symptomatic heart failure. These patients experience substantial morbidity and mortality, despite often having a considerable burden of non cardiac…

…individualized within the applicable guideline framework. Combination therapy is based on the complementary mechanisms of drugs from different classes. By acting on more than one…

…populations, such as asymptomatic patients with pre excitation who have high risk occupations or participate in competitive athletics. In the context of Brugada syndrome (BrS)…

…to patients with symptoms. Current guidance supports revascularisation for significant left main stenosis irrespective of symptomatic status or the documented ischaemic burden. In chronic coronary…

…Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes…

…left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures…

…incorporated. In symptomatic individuals without known CAD, newer clinical prediction algorithms are preferred over older approaches based solely on age, sex and typicality of symptoms…

…apparent, first detected during management of another condition, or identified only by implanted or wearable devices as subclinical AF. Some patients have frequent symptomatic episodes…

…or symptomatic bradycardia in the absence of a pacemaker. Hypersensitivity to adenosine. Administration Normal route : Peripheral intravenous (IV). Alternative route : Central venous administration of adenosine…

…The prevalence of bicuspid aortic valves is 1% to 2% in most Western populations. Individuals with bicuspid aortic valves may develop symptomatic aortic stenosis already…

…If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic, the condition is classified as sick sinus syndrome (SSS) . Causes of tachycardia (tachyarrhythmia) with narrow…

…severe hypotension, or high degree AV block. Caffeine and other methylxanthines, which antagonize adenosine receptors, should be avoided for at least 12 hours before testing…

…Management of acute bradycardia in the emergency setting. Parameter Assessment A Airway Voice Breath sounds B Breathing Respiratory rate (12–20 / min) Chest wall movements…

…activity, mitral stenosis may become symptomatic already at 2.5 cm 2 . A normal mitral valve has an area of 4 to 6 cm 2 …

…This is also a normal finding. Abnormal (pathological) causes of sinus bradycardia In all other situations, sinus bradycardia should be regarded as a pathological finding…

…respiratory variation in mitral and tricuspid inflow The echocardiographic counterpart of pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other…

…to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family history? A:…

…asymptomatic for a long time and be detected randomly when investigating other conditions. More dramatic onset of symptoms can be seen in arrhythmogenic tumors of…

…of asymptomatic women has not been shown to improve outcomes and is not part of the screening programme — screening consists of the smear, not of…

…and current antihypertensive treatment. Missed doses or abrupt withdrawal of a beta blocker, clonidine or another sympatholytic drug. Cocaine, amfetamine, other sympathomimetics, herbal remedies and…

…and APS. Some patient groups have a two to three fold greater prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) than the general population. The evidence…

…lifelong asymptomatic ECG anomalies to electrical storm and sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) as the index presentation. Over the past three decades, the management of BrS…

…features of Brugada syndrome are fairly specific to the disorder, provided that the clinical characteristics are in line with the disorder. There are however other…

…heart failure. Routine opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable and asymptomatic patient is by contrast not recommended [1,5]. STEMI…