…kg/m 2 or higher. Body surface area (BSA) Body Surface Area is the total surface area of the body. It is often used in…

…etc. The radius of PISA is measured from the surface of the hemisphere to the narrowest segment of the Doppler beam, which is located within…

ECG Pacemaker malfunction, troubleshooting and ECG Conventional surface ECG can reveal the following types of pacemaker dysfunction: Failure to capture (FTC) , which means that the…

…atrium. An electrode placed in the oesophagus at the right level therefore records atrial depolarisation with an amplitude the surface ECG can never achieve, and…

…measurement in evaluating aortic root morphology. Age stratified formulas help determine expected normal values based on body surface area (BSA), aiding in the diagnosis of…

…36 mm 13 17 mm/m2 Aortic arch 22 36 mm Descending aorta 20 30 mm ​Adjustment refers to adjusting for body surface area (BSA)…

…imbalance ECG Definition and Pathophysiology Acquired long QT syndrome (LQTS) is characterised by an abnormal prolongation of the QT interval on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG)…

…Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside present throughout the body that interacts with G protein coupled A1 receptors located on the extracellular surface of cardiac cells…

…PCSK9 synthesis decreases circulating PCSK9, increases the availability of hepatic low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) receptors at the cell surface, and thereby enhances removal…

…and reduced LV systolic function. The principal mechanisms are the combination of an abnormal thrombogenic endocardial surface and blood stasis. During the acute infarction phase…

…receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes. By directing the receptor toward intracellular degradation rather than recycling it to the hepatocyte surface, PCSK9 reduces hepatic clearance of…

…However, most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should…

…compared to the mitral valve, the tricuspid valve is located slightly more apically (<0.8 mm / m 2 BSA [body surface area]). Approximately 85% 90…

…17 mm/m2 Aortic arch 22 36 mm Descending aorta 20 30 mm ​Indexing means that the value is adjusted for body surface area (BSA)…

…used for dosing, not the value normalised to body surface area — the difference is substantial in very small and very large people. Acute kidney injury…

…sex, and race to provide an eGFR value normalized to a standard body surface area of 1.73 m². Advantages of MDRD eGFR Clinical utility…

…volume/BSA, mL/m2 22 ± 6 29–33 34–39 40 22 ± 6 29–33 34–39 40 ​BSA, Body surface area; LA, left atrial…

…biologically active. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells normally regulate vascular tone, preserve an antithrombotic surface, and control the adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells. Dyslipidaemia…

…bridging is an anatomical variant in which a segment of an epicardial coronary artery passes through the myocardium rather than remaining on the epicardial surface…

…LDL receptor. Gain of function variants in PCSK9, which reduce recycling and surface availability of hepatic LDL receptors. Rare biallelic variants in LDLRAP1, which impair…

…cells. The resulting voltage gradient between normal and ischaemic myocardium generates currents of injury that are expressed on the surface ECG as ST segment displacement…

…fibrosis, atrial dilation, and endocardial denudation, which collectively promote local inflammation and create a highly prothrombotic endothelial surface. Furthermore, AF induces a systemic hypercoagulable state…

…body surface area (estimated by weight and height). Thus, cardiac index is cardiac output normalized to body surface area. The ultrasound system calculates body surface…

…The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting for 60 70% of ACS presentations…

…sinoatrial block, in which the time interval from impulse discharge to atrial activation is prolonged and this cannot be discerned on the surface ECG. As…

…hydrophilic drugs distributed in total body water. Body surface area (Mosteller): √(height in cm × weight in kg / 3600) m². Normal adult 1.6–2.0…

…with the scalpel. 5. Aspiration: advance the needle with the stylet in place perpendicular to the bone surface, angled slightly anteriorly and medially. Rotate under…

…down hyperkeratotic lesions. A cone or an otoscope speculum as a shield when treating near the eye or on an irregular surface. Petroleum jelly around…

…The needle is inserted directed medially and slightly caudally, parallel to the posterior surface of the patella. The shoulder The patient sits with the arm…

…the stomach to be decompressed and tolerate higher pressures. Lubricant on the dorsal surface of the mask, a syringe for the cuff in the models…

…lag behind and miss the fever. Equipment for temperature control: automated surface cooling with gel pads or a blanket, or alternatively an intravascular cooling catheter…

…mass/BSA, g/m2 44–88 89–100 101–112 113 50–102 103–116 117–130 131 BSA, Body surface area; LV, left ventricular…

…SPECT, genetic profiling — add information but are too costly or invasive to screen a population. The surface ECG is the obvious cheap, standardized, universally available…

…to distinguish true bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest from other tachyarrhythmic events. On the surface electrocardiogram, sinus bradycardia may appear at rates of 40 to 48…

…scaffold A durable or resorbable polymer coating An antiproliferative drug The drug is delivered from the stent surface and suppresses cellular proliferation and neointimal growth…

…resulting in myocyte necrosis. Plaque rupture may be further complicated by intraluminal thrombosis or haemorrhage into the plaque through the disrupted surface. Type 2 MI…

…through intimal thickening. DES release antiproliferative and anti inflammatory agents from the stent surface and have substantially reduced this process compared with BMS. Neoatherosclerosis Neoatherosclerosis…

…on the system, compared with roughly 70–200 µm for gray scale IVUS. This allows detailed visualization of the lumen surface, fibrous cap thickness, thrombus…

…the victim, it is necessary to relocate the victim to a position where CPR can be performed adequately (e.g a firm surface). Airway The…

…15 to 30° to the left. The supporting surface should be sufficiently rigid to ensure chest compressions remain effective. Although the empirical evidence supporting these…

…structures. Polypoid myxomas are large; they have a smooth surface and a nucleus that often exhibits cavities, which consist of hemorrhages in the tumor. Polypoid…

…ultrasound waves. Because erythrocytes are small, round and have an irregular surface, the reflected sound waves are scattered in all directions (Figure 2). Although only…

…Indeed, the surface ECG frequency cannot differentiate escape rhythms originating near the atrioventricular node from those originating in the bundle of His. Well trained athletes…

…position of the transducer. The ultrasound gel is important because it maximizes the contact surface between the transducer and the skin. Generous use of gel…

…Moreover, the ultrasound system performs several calculates based on these parameters (e.g adjusting various dimensions/volumes to body surface area). Heart rate and blood…

… HR = heart rate. Cardiac Index (CI) If cardiac output (CO) is divided by body surface area (BSA), then the Cardiac Index (L/min/m2…