…standard examination include the following four imaging windows: Parasternal window Apical window Subcostal window (SC) Suprasternal window (suprasternal notch) Multiple views are obtained in each…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pathological Q waves are evidence of myocardial infarction Myocardial infarction – particularly if extensive in size – typically manifests with pathological Q waves…

…the wrong site, and too much is drained. Bedside ultrasound immediately before the puncture markedly reduces the risk of pneumothorax and is now the standard …

…to standard STEMI criteria. Observational data suggest that up to 30% of patients initially classified as NSTEMI have an unrecognized OMI, with comparable infarct size…

…the best possible image quality. A standard study takes approximately 30 60 minutes. Each examination must be stored in a database, where the patient's…

…°C. The outer limit of the ice front is only at 0 °C — the lethal temperature lies some way inside the visible ice front , and…

…Size Colour Approximate flow Typical use : : : : 14 G Orange 250–300 mL/min Massive haemorrhage, rapid volume replacement 16 G Grey 150–200 mL/min…

…curves and a prostate that can grip; the female urethra is only 3–5 cm and almost straight, but the meatus can be hard to…

…size 15 scalpel. Local anaesthetic, suture material, scissors, dressings. Local anaesthesia Agent Onset Duration Comment : : : : Lidocaine 10 mg/mL Rapid 1–2 hours The standard…

…LDL C goals. Apolipoprotein B ApoB is the principal structural apolipoprotein of atherogenic lipoproteins. Each atherogenic lipoprotein particle carries one apoB molecule. Consequently, the plasma…

…useful for determining vessel size, plaque burden, and the dimensions of lesions that may not be fully characterized by angiography. Standard gray scale IVUS demonstrates…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…x axis) and depth (y axis). The standard ultrasound transducer for 2D echocardiography is the phased array transducer , which creates a sector shaped ultrasound field …

…abandoning the procedure. Choice of site The posterior superior iliac spine is the standard site for both aspiration and biopsy in adults. Here the posterior…

…the fundal height surpasses the umbilicus, the uterus should be manually displaced to the woman's left side (Figure 1). Additional offloading of the vena…

…the ribs increase, providing larger windows for the ultrasound beam. The operator can sit on either side of the patient, depending on preferences. The operator…

…BSA. Basal segments of the right ventricle (i.e parts on the atrial side of the tricuspid annulus) function as atrium and becomes dilated. The…

…large side to side difference may suggest aortic dissection CT of the brain Exclude intracerebral haemorrhage and assess early ischaemic changes CT angiography The standard…

…providing an objective measure of CAD complexity, the SYNTAX Score helps standardize treatment protocols and improve clinical decision making. Strengths and limitations The SYNTAX Score…

…Experimental angiogenic or regenerative strategies. The syndrome is clinically important not only because of persistent symptoms, but also because quality of life is often poor…

…or posterolateral infarction. Its recognition is clinically important because posterior infarction may not produce conventional ST segment elevation in the standard 12 lead ECG. Instead…

Procedurer Opioids have no standard dose. The effect varies tenfold between individuals, and the only way to find the right level is to give a…

CPR A standard 12 lead ECG should be recorded in all patients after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The purpose of a 12 lead ECG…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Standard display of ECG leads in the 12 lead ECG Numerous conditions that can be diagnosed using the 12 lead…

…Doses in atrial fibrillation Drug Standard dose Reduced dose and criterion : : : Apixaban 5 mg twice daily 2.5 mg twice daily if at least two…

…PCI), or medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low dose aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor…

…and various Doppler parameters. Blod flow velocities across the mitral valve and mitral annular plane velocity are standard assessments. Mitral flow velocities are measured using…

…timely and appropriate interventions. In patients presenting with concurrent sepsis and cardiac arrest, standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) protocols are followed. Moreover, for optimal management in…

…effects and lack of compelling data regarding morbidity and mortality benefits, digoxin has been ousted repeatedly from the standard of care for these conditions. However…

…definitively established as the cause of cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be performed per standard guidelines. Cardiac arrests due to trauma are characterized by…

…fibrillation with marked renal failure or on dialysis, where DOACs lack documentation or have only weak evidence. Venous thromboembolism when a DOAC cannot be used…

…sex, and race to provide an eGFR value normalized to a standard body surface area of 1.73 m². Advantages of MDRD eGFR Clinical utility…

…Aspirin for long term secondary prevention Standard role Aspirin remains the traditional antiplatelet agent for long term secondary prevention in patients with established coronary disease…

…post shock bradycardia, and use of biphasic defibrillators , which are standard due to superior efficacy over monophasic devices. Electrode position (anterior posterior vs. antero lateral…

…cardiac arrest, as evidenced by the fact that only 0.5% of all hangings exhibit VF on the initial ECG recording ( Kitamura et al, Deasy…

…In fact, color Doppler is limited more by the Nyquist limit (as compared with standard pulsed wave Doppler), which is explained by the fact that…

…Hemodynamically, the gold standard definition of HFpEF relies on the demonstration of spontaneous or provokable elevated left ventricular (LV) filling pressures, defined invasively as a…

…each ECG lead is computed by analyzing the electrical currents detected by several electrodes. The standard ECG – which is referred to as a 12 lead…

…Agent Standard dose in atrial fibrillation Criteria for dose reduction according to FASS : : : Apixaban 5 mg × 2 2.5 mg × 2 if at least two…

…grouping ABO and RhD typing. Requires two samples drawn on two separate occasions with a separate identity check each time Always, once per patient if…

…g × 3 IV Urosepsis with shock cefotaxime 2 g × 3 IV Standard dose after stabilisation or piperacillin–tazobactam 4 g × 4 IV plus gentamicin 5…

…shoulder dislocation, with an effect equivalent to sedation and fewer adverse effects Digital nerve block The standard in finger dislocation Procedural sedation Propofol, ketamine or…

Procedurer Spirometry is the only investigation that distinguishes obstructive from restrictive impairment of lung function, and COPD cannot be diagnosed without it . The quality of…

…Calculation : The original formula’s inclusion of “ 100” for Qp/Qs is likely a typo; standard practice uses the ratio directly (e.g., 2:1…

…blood pressure. Additionally, individual variations in arterial compliance and pulse pressure can affect the accuracy of MAP estimations derived from standard formulas. Therefore, while MAP…

…doses, averaging approximately 0.5 mg/L (0.5 µg/mL) for each 100 mg/day at doses between 100 and 600 mg/day. Therapeutic…

…or ambulatory pressure. Office measurements provide only a limited representation of usual blood pressure and may be biased by the clinical environment. Out of office…

…coronary syndrome. The available evidence supports consideration of low dose colchicine as an adjunct to, rather than a replacement for, established secondary prevention treatment. Its…

…to 7 days after discontinuation because platelet inhibition is irreversible. Aspirin acts through only one platelet activation pathway; P2Y12 inhibition therefore provides complementary platelet inhibition…

…obstructive lesion Coronary embolism or thrombus Epicardial coronary vasospasm Coronary microvascular dysfunction Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) Standard angiography may fail to demonstrate plaque disruption…

…diagnostic prerequisite for clinical AF remains the documentation of the arrhythmia via a standard 12 lead ECG or a single lead ECG tracing lasting ≥30…

…2D measurements in the future. Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is considered the gold standard for the calculation of ejection fraction. Recommended chapter: Ejection fraction…

…flutter Atrial flutter is the second most common pathological tachyarrhythmia. Only atrial fibrillation is more common. Atrial flutter occurs almost exclusively among persons with significant…

…Heat fan. Remove any cold or damp textiles. Administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) following standard protocols, emphasizing concurrent rapid rewarming of the patient. Consider extracorporeal membrane…

…the correct level of care, the following actions can be performed. CPR Initiate CPR in adherence to standard guidelines. However, refrain from rescue breaths to…

…Hence, the examination may only be considered conclusive if the achieved workload is sufficient to provoke symptoms/signs that are not noticeable during rest. As…

…JT, et al. Intraventricular conduction delay in a standard 12 lead electrocardiogram as a predictor of mortality in the general population. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011…

…diagnostic performance, and outcome evidence for each index, situates two recent noninferiority trials of wire free angiography derived physiology (ALL RISE and FAST III) within…

…Sources American Diabetes Association, Standards of Care in Diabetes: diabetes care in the hospital. Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline on the management of hyperglycaemia in…

…al. (2005): Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group…