…imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In approximately 90% of cases, hypercalcemia is attributed to primary hyperparathyroidism or neoplastic etiologies…

…For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood pressure…

…complex is actually a reflection of left ventricular depolarization. QRS duration is the time interval from the onset to the end of the QRS complex…

…to 20 (maximal exertion). Notably, a high perceived exertion at a low workload is a strong predictor of adverse outcomes. Table 1. Borg Rating of…

…in approximately 2% of patients. Serious events such as stroke and myocardial infarction occur in fewer than 1%, while mortality is generally below 0.1%…

…can move from areas of higher concentration to regions with lower concentration, for reasons other than perfusion differences, making image interpretation more ambiguous. Table 1…

…attributed to its reduction of heart rate and contractility. But as it turns out, [2] the reduction in heart rate and contractility appears to act…

…Figure 2. Visualization of reflected ultrasound waves. It is in the transition from one tissue to another that most sound waves are reflected and this…

…a mechanism complementary to that of statins. Statins reduce hepatic cholesterol synthesis, whereas ezetimibe limits intestinal cholesterol uptake. Expected LDL C reduction Ezetimibe produces a…

…following early: 1. Assess airway, work of breathing, level of consciousness and circulation. 2. Give controlled oxygen with a target of 88 to 92 percent…

…on the size of the thrombus and the plaque. The patient will experience severe chest pain due to the abrupt reduction of coronary blood flow…

…valves is 1% to 2% in most Western populations. Individuals with bicuspid aortic valves may develop symptomatic aortic stenosis already at the age of 60…

…6 hours. Infusion • Afterload reduction : Start infusion at 1 mg/hour. Increase by 0.5 mg/hour every 20 min to desired blood pressure. Maximum…

…not merely detoxification. Benzodiazepines reduce the severity of withdrawal and the risk of seizures and delirium [1,2]. In delirium tremens the aim should be…

…afterload reduction. Time to onset of action 1 to 2 minutes Duration of action 10 to 30 minutes Delivery IV Dose Bolus injection : 5 to…

…delay adrenaline in order to identify or remove the allergen. 2. Give adrenaline 1 mg/ml intramuscularly into the middle third of the anterolateral thigh…

…to the guideline key points Patients with renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease, irrespective of diabetes status The clearest and most consistent cardiovascular signal is reduction…

…with prolonged periods of no blood flow, due to the reduced metabolic rate that accompanies declining body temperature. For every 1°C reduction in body temperature…

…of action depends on the route of administration. Intravenous (IV) amiodarone generally acts within 1 to 2 hours. Oral onset is delayed, typically requiring 2…

…anxiety, urinary retention, hypoxia, drug withdrawal and incorrect blood pressure measurement must be corrected before treatment is intensified [1,2]. The evidence that any particular…

…triglyceride reduction prevents pancreatitis; nevertheless, treatment is generally considered appropriate when triglycerides exceed 500 mg/dL to reduce this risk. The ASCVD implications of chylomicronaemia…

…Cardiopulmonary effects of pulmonary embolism Figure 1. Pathophysiology of pulmonary embolism (PE). Hemodynamic effects Pulmonary embolism leads to increased resistance in the main pulmonary artery…

…thereafter Two to three measurements one minute apart, taking the mean of the last two Orthostatic testing after 1 and 3 minutes of standing in…

…mechanism since the cessation of contractions leads to a marked reduction in cell metabolism and thus prolongs survival. Myocardial stunning starts to normalize within minutes…

…posits that a reduction in $I {Na}$ leaves the transient outward potassium current ($I {to}$) unopposed during phase 1 of the action potential…

…by 100 to obtain percentage (%). Normal FS 25% (M Mode) 18% (Direct 2 D measurement) Tissue Doppler Tissue Dopplerrecords the speed and direction of myocardial…

… and A reduction of at least 50% from baseline. In patients who experience a recurrent atherothrombotic or cardiovascular event within 2 years while receiving maximally…

…done before any drops. 2. Inspect the eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea and anterior chamber. Note the pupil size, shape and reaction to light. A teardrop shaped…

…in the mouth. Nose 1. Ask the patient to blow the nose gently. Clear mucus with suction without pushing the object backwards. 2. Apply the…

…generation of cyclic GMP, which then activates calcium sensitive potassium channels in the cell membrane. Time to onset of action : 1 minute. Duration of action…

…Mechanisms of action Colchicine Colchicine appears to exert several anti inflammatory effects relevant to coronary disease: Reduction of inflammasome activation. Inhibition of interleukin 1β…

…addition of bempedoic acid to statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately 16.5%; the reduction in a subgroup with diabetes was approximately 19.1…

…disease, aspirin reduced the combined incidence of non fatal MI, non fatal ischaemic stroke, and vascular death from 8.2% to 6.7% per year…

…cmH₂O Increase the IPAP in steps of 2–3 cmH₂O every 5–10 min towards 20–25 cmH₂O according to tolerance and pCO₂ SpO₂ 88…

…Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation. Type 2: PaO₂ <…

…component of ACE inhibitor therapy. Blood pressure (including postural changes), renal function, and potassium should be evaluated within 1 to 2 weeks after initiation of…

…continuing to increase the dose. The level of sedation is scored on a four point scale: 0 fully awake, 1 drowsy but easily roused, 2…

…echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce a copy of the reflector on the image. Hence…

…causes of sinus bradycardia (e.g. vasovagal reaction, well trained athletes) do not require treatment. When benign causes are unlikely, it is necessary to identify…

…2. Measure the depth of insertion by laying the tube from the tip of the nose to the earlobe and from there to the xiphoid…

…negative (Figure 1, upper panel). This negative deflection is generally <1 mm deep. The amplitude of the normal P wave does not exceed 2.5…

…character of the pain. 2. Measure and trace the ulcer; photograph it with a ruler in the image. A reduction in size of 40% within…

…in atrial fibrillation Criteria for dose reduction according to FASS : : : Apixaban 5 mg × 2 2.5 mg × 2 if at least two of: age ≥ 80…

…insult — sleep deprivation, urinary retention or a new sedative drug, for example — may be enough to precipitate the condition [1,2]. Delirium is common but…

…considerations Type 1 Contrast staining of the arterial wall with multiple lumens or radiolucent channels The classic appearance and usually readily recognized Type 2 Long…

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…

…the shape of the tip and the technique that matter, not the calibre; choose instead the smallest size that will do the job, to reduce…

…help immediately. Indications An undisplaced or reduced fracture to be treated conservatively. Immobilisation after reduction of a dislocation. Immobilisation of a ligament injury, a tendon…

…glycopyrronium 0.2 mg) to reduce the risk of a cholinergic vagal reaction with bradycardia. Wait 5–10 minutes . 4. Give 2 mg of edrophonium…

…the ability to lay the patient down. Injection Needle Angle Maximum volume per site : : : : Deltoid, adult 23–25 G, 25 mm 90° 1–2 mL…

…segment is the baseline. Refer to Figure 1 . The QRS complex The QRS complex reflects the depolarization (activation, contraction) of the ventricles. Although it may…

…1. Layers of the left ventricular wall, pericardium and ventricular cavity. The endocardium The endocardium lines the atria, ventricles and the heart valves. Similar to…

…at rest: 0.6 to 1.3 mL/min/g of myocardial tissue During hyperemia (maximum stress): Approximately 3.58 ± 1.14 mL/min/g…

…category of elevated blood pressure, defined as office SBP 120–139 mmHg or DBP 70–89 mmHg. This distinction supports a risk based approach because…

…this form of hypertension was a physiological reaction that was necessary to maintain normal hemodynamics, hence the term essential . However, a growing body of science…

…1.0. The physiological basis of FFR is that, during maximal vasodilation, distal coronary pressure is proportional to maximum achievable myocardial perfusion. A pressure reduction…

…the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes. By directing the receptor toward intracellular degradation rather than recycling it to the…

…combinations are preferred whenever combination treatment is used. The number of prescribed tablets is directly related to adherence, and simplifying the regimen may improve persistence…

…ventricular arrhythmias requires a structured approach focusing on rhythm stabilization, relief of triggers, and reduction of sympathetic drive [4]. Rhythm Stabilization In addition to defibrillation …

…manifest at rest because of the severe reduction of coronary flow caused by acute atherothrombosis. Table 1: Myocardial and ECG reaction in various settings with…