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Cardiac arrest due to electrolyte imbalance

…imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In approximately 90% of cases, hypercalcemia is attributed to primary hyperparathyroidism or neoplastic etiologies…

Incretins in Cardiometabolic Medicine: Leveraging GLP-1, GIP, and Glucagon Receptor Agonism for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction

…For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood pressure…

ECG interpretation: Characteristics of the normal ECG (P-wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T-wave)

…complex is actually a reflection of left ventricular depolarization. QRS duration is the time interval from the onset to the end of the QRS complex…

Evaluation of exercise stress test: ECG, symptoms, blood pressure, heart rate, performance

…to 20 (maximal exertion). Notably, a high perceived exertion at a low workload is a strong predictor of adverse outcomes. Table 1. Borg Rating of…

Complications of Coronary Angiography and Vascular Access Management

…in approximately 2% of patients. Serious events such as stroke and myocardial infarction occur in fewer than 1%, while mortality is generally below 0.1%…

Physics of myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT, PET): Radiotracers, perfusion, blood flow and viability

…can move from areas of higher concentration to regions with lower concentration, for reasons other than perfusion differences, making image interpretation more ambiguous. Table 1…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction: lack of oxygen or imbalance between supply/demand

…attributed to its reduction of heart rate and contractility. But as it turns out, [2] the reduction in heart rate and contractility appears to act…

Technical aspects of the ultrasound image

…Figure 2. Visualization of reflected ultrasound waves. It is in the transition from one tissue to another that most sound waves are reflected and this…

Ezetimibe: Place in Therapy and Expected LDL-C Reduction

…a mechanism complementary to that of statins. Statins reduce hepatic cholesterol synthesis, whereas ezetimibe limits intestinal cholesterol uptake. Expected LDL C reduction Ezetimibe produces a…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…following early: 1. Assess airway, work of breathing, level of consciousness and circulation. 2. Give controlled oxygen with a target of 88 to 92 percent…

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