…often with antibiotic prophylaxis. Deep puncture wounds , where the base cannot be inspected or irrigated clean. Wounds with retained foreign material or devitalised tissue that…

…disinfection. Allow it to air dry completely before puncture. Maximal barrier precautions: cap, mask, sterile gown, sterile gloves and a large full body drape. Lidocaine…

…underlying cause. Contraindications Hypothermia with a body temperature below about 30 °C — the hypothermic myocardium is irritable and pacing can precipitate ventricular fibrillation. Prioritise rewarming…

…Procedure 1. Position the patient correctly. The lateral position with the back towards you, the knees drawn up, the chin on the chest, and the…

…Relative Skin infection, herpes zoster or burns over the puncture site Relative Mechanical ventilation with a high PEEP (an increased risk of pneumothorax; ultrasound guidance…

…Procedure 1. Place the patient in the lateral position with the knees drawn up , or prone with a pillow under the pelvis. The lateral position…

…Examine the joint, locate the effusion and mark the puncture site with a pen or an indentation from a fingernail before cleaning the skin. 2…

…choose a new site if in doubt Cellulitis over the insertion site Change the puncture site Preparation and equipment Ultrasound with a curved array probe…

…1. Apply the tourniquet 10–15 cm proximal to the intended puncture site, let the arm hang, ask the patient to pump with the hand…

…Anaesthetise the skin with a small amount of lidocaine without adrenaline (epinephrine). 3. Puncture 1–2 cm proximal to the wrist crease at an angle…