…are as a rule left open. Facial bites can be sutured after careful debridement because of the cosmesis, often with antibiotic prophylaxis. Deep puncture wounds …

…line set with a triple lumen catheter, usually 7 Fr. Catheter length: the right internal jugular vein requires the shortest catheter, while left sided and…

…underlying cause. Contraindications Hypothermia with a body temperature below about 30 °C — the hypothermic myocardium is irritable and pacing can precipitate ventricular fibrillation. Prioritise rewarming…

…the roots of the cauda equina. If in doubt: choose a level lower, never higher. 3. Mark the puncture site, clean in wide circles and…

…Relative Skin infection, herpes zoster or burns over the puncture site Relative Mechanical ventilation with a high PEEP (an increased risk of pneumothorax; ultrasound guidance…

…around the puncture site , and wait a few minutes. 4. Make a small skin incision with the scalpel. 5. Aspiration: advance the needle with the…

…Examine the joint, locate the effusion and mark the puncture site with a pen or an indentation from a fingernail before cleaning the skin. 2…

…Scan the left lower quadrant. Confirm at least 2–3 cm of free fluid depth with no bowel in the path of the needle and…

…the hand is suitable for finer cannulae. Avoid the lower limb in adults. In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital fossa or the external jugular…

…Anaesthetise the skin with a small amount of lidocaine without adrenaline (epinephrine). 3. Puncture 1–2 cm proximal to the wrist crease at an angle…