…Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right ventricular (RV) infarction…

…nurses, biomedical analysts, or other professionals. A physician is always formally responsible for conducting the test. All personnel must be appropriately trained and the laboratory…

…plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous…

Procedurer Compression is the treatment that heals venous leg ulcers; everything else is supportive. But the same compression applied to a limb with arterial insufficiency…

…adherence. Opioids, benzodiazepines and other sedating drugs. Thromboembolic risk, for example immobilisation, cancer and previous venous thromboembolism. A documented decision on the ceiling of care…

…The other DOACs are possible according to FASS, but the documentation is insufficient; check more frequently. Warfarin is often preferable <15 or dialysis DOACs are…

…meal or with continued glucose administration adapted to the cause. 8. Identify drugs, renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating…

…primary hyperparathyroidism or neoplastic etiologies. Other causes include immobilization, sarcoidosis, thyrotoxicosis, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, Addison's disease, renal insufficiency, therapeutic interventions with tamoxifen or lithium…

…and when to involve a surgeon The following locations must not be handled routinely in primary care or in the emergency department without contacting the…

…and volume status, including signs of both hypovolaemia and venous congestion. 4. Take an urgent panel: creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate or blood gas, calcium…

…indication and contraindications, attach ECG monitoring and insert a venous cannula. 2. Document the baseline status of the chosen finding — measurement, photograph or video. 3…

…tuberculosis or malignancy. Tamponade is a clinical diagnosis supported by echocardiography: Finding Comment : : Hypotension, distended neck veins, muffled heart sounds Beck's triad; complete in…

…newly discovered complete heart block without current symptoms, alternating bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk…

…oedema and other conditions with a high risk of fluid overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant metabolic alkalosis or an…

…as described by the relationship: MAP = (CO × SVR) + Central Venous Pressure (CVP) This equation illustrates that MAP is determined by the volume of blood…

…pressures approaching intrapericardial pressure. The jugular venous waveform typically has a prominent x descent and an absent or markedly reduced y descent. The clinical impact…

…heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities. CKD also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The…

…The complete physiological formulation considers coronary venous pressure: Distal coronary driving pressure: distal coronary pressure minus coronary venous pressure Normal coronary driving pressure: mean aortic…

…contraindication) . Irregular wide complex tachycardia is most often due to atrial fibrillation with wide QRS complexes due to bundle branch blocks or other conduction defects…

…of the uterus reaches or surpasses the level of the umbilicus. The fetus should ideally be delivered within 5 minutes following the maternal cardiac arrest…

…arterial line, PiCCO, central venous catheter). The hemodynamic effects persist for 7–10 days after the end of infusion. Refer to Table 2 for a…

…excellent, with the vast majority of patients recovering completely after restoration of sinus rhythm (or any other rhythm with normal ventricular rate and activation). Recovery…

…tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade are hypotension, muffled heart sounds and jugular venous distention. Other frequent symptoms are pulsus paradoxus, pericardial friction sounds…

…A venous blood gas can give useful information about pH and the trend in carbon dioxide, but in critical illness, marked hypoxaemia, or when an…

…stockings. Avoid measuring the arm pressure on the side with a dialysis fistula, lymphoedema after axillary clearance or a recently inserted venous port. Procedure 1…

…precise ventilation or severe respiratory failure. A peripheral venous blood gas is easier to obtain and can often be used for an initial assessment of…

…a peripheral venous cannula. 4. Measure the blood pressure in both arms at the first assessment, particularly in chest pain, back pain or suspected acute…

…cyanotic or mottled. Capillary refill is delayed, and venous filling may be reduced. Other possible findings include muscle stiffening and loss of deep tendon reflexes…

…as a rapid intravenous bolus. Unlike many other intravenous medications where rapid boluses risk hemodynamic instability or transiently toxic concentrations, adenosine requires a rapidly delivered…

…venous blood gas is generally sufficient for the assessment of pH and bicarbonate. An arterial blood gas is needed mainly when concomitant respiratory failure or…

…accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and STEMI. QTc prolongation The QT (QTc) interval may be prolonged, shortened or…

…administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for…

…other inheritance patterns, de novo variants, incomplete penetrance and variable phenotypic expression complicate risk prediction. Familial clustering may also reflect shared environmental or behavioural factors…

…targets or risk refining measures, particularly in patients with: Diabetes or other cardiometabolic risk factors Obesity Insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome Elevated triglycerides Low or…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

…test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds to a minute or so…

…symptom onset. Prophylaxis against cardiovascular complications (after acute myocardial infarction, unstable coronary artery disease, or stable angina pectoris): 75–80 mg tablet once daily. Prophylaxis…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non…

…upper gastrointestinal disease Hepatic or renal disease Multiple cardiovascular risk factors Concomitant nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs Corticosteroid therapy Other antiplatelet or antithrombotic drugs Selective serotonin…

…DUS), pre operative assessment, or evaluation of other atherosclerotic disease. Routine population screening is not recommended because the prevalence of severe asymptomatic stenosis is low…

…abdomen, or epigastrium. Dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, fatigue, faintness, and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency…

…Study, which demonstrated that high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction…

…to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical management. The standard post ACS…

…Severe hypertension may result from phaeochromocytoma, monoamine oxidase inhibitor crisis, cocaine intoxication, or other sympathomimetic exposure, including methamphetamine. Abrupt withdrawal of antihypertensive medication, particularly clonidine…

…left ventricular function and other comorbidities Surgical risk and contraindications to prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy Patient preferences, local expertise and operator or institutional experience Assessment…

…the lower limbs. Patients frequently have concomitant coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is…

…other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco and ultimately…

…most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals…

…case the ECG or other examinations suggest left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), one should suspect concomitant right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) if the following ECG criteria are…

…performed on all patients seeking medical attention due to chest discomfort or other symptoms that may be caused by myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include dyspnea…

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

…radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect…

…repolarization or even early phases of ischemia). To conclude, concave ST segment elevation is atypical of ischemia, but they do not rule out ischemia. Other…

…atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular…

…and in people under 18 years of age, where iso BMI or percentile charts should be used. Waist circumference Measure the waist between the lowest…

…Previous pelvic irradiation on the intended side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather…

…margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is…

…as a single dose Urosepsis with complicating factors cefotaxime 1 g × 3 IV 10–14 days including oral step down or piperacillin–tazobactam 4 g …