…exercise). The more severe the stenosis, the more pronounced the symptoms. Stable angina pectoris is diagnosed by means of exercise stress testing (exercise ECG). The…

…with gastrointestinal disorders. Patients with severe kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min). Patients with mild to moderate heart failure, kidney or liver…

…Vascular complications 0.43 Contrast agent reaction 0.37 Haemodynamic complications 0.26 Cardiac chamber perforation 0.03 Other complications 0.28 Total major complications…

…and/or enhanced calcium excretion, chronic renal failure, pancreatic or bowel resections (leading to "short bowel syndrome"), parathyroid and thyroid surgeries, as well as medications…

…the principal precipitating mechanisms include ischaemia related heart failure, acute severe mitral regurgitation, and other mechanical complications. Shock occurs more often when the coronary artery…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Ischemic cardiomyopathy is severe myocardial dysfunction caused by coronary artery disease (CAD). The clinical syndrome may resemble…

…other imaging methods, namely exercise capacity (and VO2 max , see below). In addition to exercise capacity, stress testing also provides information on electrocardiographic (ECG) reaction…

…distinguishing it from classic allergic reactions. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms ACE Inhibitor Induced Cough ACE inhibitor induced cough occurs in 5% to 30% of patients…

…deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory reactions that promote plaque formation and progression…

…identifiable underlying cause. Researchers previously believed that this form of hypertension was a physiological reaction that was necessary to maintain normal hemodynamics, hence the term…

…3. Give atropine 0.5 mg intravenously (alternatively glycopyrronium 0.2 mg) to reduce the risk of a cholinergic vagal reaction with bradycardia. Wait 5…

…syncope (e.g during intense emotional stress) During vagal maneuvers (Valsalva maneuver, carotid sinus [baroreceptor] stimulation). It is common to discover SB in healthy young…

…for another , in the other nostril, in the ears and in the mouth. Nose 1. Ask the patient to blow the nose gently. Clear mucus…

…biweekly injections. Inclisiran is used as an adjunct to dietary measures and maximally tolerated statin therapy, with or without other LDL C lowering drugs, when…

…with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and aggregation contribute importantly to arterial thrombus formation…

…other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco and ultimately…

…compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic…

…a population of individuals unable or unwilling to take statins, bempedoic acid 180 mg daily produced approximately 21% reductions in both LDL C and hsCRP…

…methods may also contribute. The cardioprotective effect is therefore likely to result from the cumulative influence of multiple modest dietary changes. Mediterranean type diets provide…

…order to suggest ischemia. Inverted U waves are even more typical of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic…

…Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the…

…developing an atherothrombotic event. Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the active substance or any excipient. Active bleeding. Previous intracranial hemorrhage. Severe liver impairment. Concurrent administration of ticagrelor…

…dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk of transmitting the relevant variant to each child. However, other inheritance patterns, de…

…combined dyslipidaemia, non HDL C is particularly relevant because it captures triglyceride rich lipoproteins in addition to LDL and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

…test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds to a minute or so…

…of other atherosclerotic disease. Routine population screening is not recommended because the prevalence of severe asymptomatic stenosis is low, screening has not been shown to…

…produce abrupt chest pain and respiratory distress. Aortic dissection may cause sudden severe pain, often radiating to the back. Pericarditis may produce pleuritic or positional…

…with homozygous FH typically die from acute myocardial infarction at 20 to 30 years of age. People with familial hypercholesterolemia have no other metabolic aberration…

…acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI…

…requiring the most rapid BP response. The objective is to reduce aortic wall shear stress and rapidly lower systolic pressure. Renal and microvascular complications Renal…

…and treatment goals Diabetes, left ventricular function and other comorbidities Surgical risk and contraindications to prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy Patient preferences, local expertise and operator…

…loss of independence. Identification of PAD also provides an opportunity to recognise atherosclerosis in other arterial territories and to initiate secondary prevention. Clinical assessment should…

…other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals. Atrial flutter causes characteristic ECG changes, as discussed below. Atrial flutter tends to…

…ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely directed forces tend to cancel each other out…

…only to develop severe chest pain and magnificent ST elevations a few minutes later. It is important to note that a traditional 12 lead ECG…

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

…they annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect these gamma rays to construct images with high spatial and…

…Concave ST segment elevations, on the other hand, are much less likely to be caused by ischemia ( Figure 1 B ). This is noted in both…

…atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular …

…and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement Calculation Threshold : : : Waist–hip ratio Waist / hip Men 0.90, women 0.85 = abdominal…

…rivaroxaban and edoxaban. Check every 6 months 15 30 Dabigatran contraindicated. The other DOACs are possible according to FASS, but the documentation is insufficient; check…

…up of unexplained iron, B12 or folate deficiency when blood tests are insufficient. Contraindications Severe coagulopathy or ongoing anticoagulation — correct this first . Thrombocytopenia, by contrast…

…incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure…

…margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is…

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Intensivvård Lathundar Clinical use This overview is a quick reference to the intravenous antihypertensive drugs used in a hypertensive emergency. It summarises the…

…to prevent a further fall Level 2, clinically significant < 3.0 mmol/L A seriously low glucose; immediate treatment is required Level 3, severe…

…can be repeated, usually up to a total of three boluses, if severe symptoms persist and the initial rise is insufficient [3,6]. European protocols…

…A normal GGT shifts the suspicion to bone, pregnancy or malignancy. A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction…

…a blood gas, coagulation tests and other investigations according to the clinical picture 5 Take cultures or molecular tests from the suspected focus, but avoid…

…pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which the procedure is the wrong treatment …

…or other infection over the injection site. Bacteraemia or suspected septic bursitis or arthritis. A joint prosthesis in the adjacent joint. Known hypersensitivity to the…

…preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine…

…urine to alkalinise, and the sodium and volume load becomes pure harm. Dialysis is then the way forward. Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions…

…Definition of aortic aneurysm Sinus of Valsalva 45 mm. Any other segment 40 mm in diameter. Thresholds for surgery Threshold for surgery Relevant patient category…

…Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score is a clinical tool designed to estimate the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF…

…is more closely associated with other comorbidities and age rather than sex alone. Consequently, the CHA₂DS₂ VA score was developed to provide a more accurate…

…superiorly to other bleeding risk assessment tools, such as HEMORR2HAGES, ATRIA, ORBIT, and GARFIELD AF scores. Moreover, the HAS BLED score has been found to…

…HEMORR₂HAGES score. Comparison with ATRIA and HAS BLED Scores Several studies have compared the predictive performance of HEMORR₂HAGES with other bleeding risk assessment tools, notably…