…a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms…

…a disorder of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body's exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body water. In…

Neurologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar About this quick reference This is a practical quick reference for emergency physicians in suspected acute ischaemic stroke. It covers time windows…

…brainstem infarction, intoxication, Wernicke's encephalopathy, other central disease Neurological examination, gait and truncal stability, often MRI Episodic triggered vestibular syndrome Brief attacks, usually lasting…

…stenosis have no focal neurological symptoms. Asymptomatic disease may be discovered during targeted duplex ultrasound (DUS), pre operative assessment, or evaluation of other atherosclerotic disease…

…spot, in three minutes, without drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The…

…precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for the prevention…

…intoxication, or other sympathomimetic exposure, including methamphetamine. Abrupt withdrawal of antihypertensive medication, particularly clonidine, can also precipitate a hypertensive crisis. Pregnancy Hypertensive emergencies in pre

…extrapolation from other fields (e.g. sepsis research) or physiological reasoning. Cardiac arrest care is advanced and should preferably only be conducted in specialized centers…

…hypertension shifts autoregulation in the brain and kidneys towards higher pressures. Too rapid a normalisation can therefore cause cerebral, coronary or renal ischaemia. Neurological status…

…blood cultures. For questions other than acute meningitis — an insidious onset, known malignancy, immunosuppression, papilloedema or new focal neurological signs — CT is performed first. Preparation…

…abdominal pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile…

…risk factor [2] . This change reflects robust evidence that female sex alone, in the absence of other comorbidities, does not significantly increase stroke risk. Conversely…

…120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words, during prolonged cardiac arrest without effective perfusion…

…disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation be entirely inhibited (as seen in…

…glomerular disease or scleroderma renal crisis [1,2]. A hypertensive emergency means a markedly raised blood pressure together with ongoing or new organ damage in…

…Pulses are absent distal to the obstruction, although Doppler examination may detect residual arterial flow in less advanced disease. Clinical manifestations may be relatively modest…

…adequate volume control. It is also utilized for ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin…

…aortic pseudoaneurysm and traumatic aortic injury. In classic dissection, an intimal tear permits blood to enter the diseased aortic media. Blood then propagates along the…

…as compared to other etiologies and presentations. Asystole and pulseless electrical activity (PEA) often have other etiologists, but are also seen in ischemia or infarction…

…sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and STEMI. QTc prolongation The QT…

…sputum purulence, the other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7. Start NIV without undue delay in persistent hypercapnic respiratory acidosis, if invasive…

…prediction. Familial clustering may also reflect shared environmental or behavioural factors rather than a single gene disorder. This distinction is important in premature coronary disease…

…is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical…

…Prophylaxis against recurrence of cerebrovascular disease: 75–80 mg tablet once daily. Warnings and precautions Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB…

…that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD…

…ACS). Other cardiopulmonary causes , including myopericardial disease, pulmonary embolism, aortic emergencies, and pneumothorax. Non cardiopulmonary causes , including gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and anxiety related disorders. The immediate…

…completely different. It took roughly 50 years for researchers to finally conclude that high cholesterol levels caused coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis in general. This…

…with STEMI or other very high risk features. Noninferiority studies designed mainly around bleeding outcomes may not reliably exclude clinically important differences in ischemic events…

…heart failure or cardiogenic shock. In chronic coronary disease, the principal symptomatic indication for revascularization is angina that remains refractory despite medical therapy when significant…

…pathophysiology Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a clinical disorder caused by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over…

…where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco…

…with a paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2:1 block will be difficult…

…cancel each other out. However, the ECG may show features characteristic of biventricular hypertrophy. Biventricular hypertrophy ECG In case the ECG or other examinations suggest…

…ECG in acute coronary syndromes & chest pain patients An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical attention due to chest discomfort or other…

Echocardiography Continuous Wave Doppler In continuous wave Doppler (CW Doppler), ultrasound waves are continuously emitted from the transducer and the reflections of these waves are…

…in multivessel disease, exists when all coronary arteries are equally compromised, leading to uniform perfusion that may appear deceptively normal on SPECT. Detecting multivessel disease…

…on the other hand, are much less likely to be caused by ischemia ( Figure 1 B ). This is noted in both North American and European…

…3. In third degree AV block, no atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other…

…and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement Calculation Threshold : : : Waist–hip ratio Waist / hip Men 0.90, women 0.85 = abdominal…

…50 Dose reduction as in the table above for rivaroxaban and edoxaban. Check every 6 months 15 30 Dabigatran contraindicated. The other DOACs are possible…

…compression. Infection in the skin overlying the puncture site. Previous pelvic irradiation on the intended side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow — choose the other side). A…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of a central venous catheter insertion is decided before the needle goes in: the choice of site, the use of…

…Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is needed for management. Cryoglobulinaemia, cold agglutinin disease…

…sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked obstructive airways disease — relative; the risk of bronchospasm is real…

…3 IV Pneumonia, in chronic lung disease amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or benzylpenicillin 3 g × 4 IV Pneumonia, suspected atypical pathogen…

…Drug induced liver injury is the commonest cause Isolated bilirubin Unconjugated, the others normal Gilbert's syndrome, haemolysis The R value = (ALT / upper limit…

…counterpart of pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which the procedure is the…

…Cellulitis, a skin wound or other infection over the injection site. Bacteraemia or suspected septic bursitis or arthritis. A joint prosthesis in the adjacent joint…

…The other predictable error is forgetting that pacing hurts a great deal in a conscious patient. Indications Immediate (transcutaneous) pacing in bradycardia with haemodynamic compromise…

…is disputed and practice differs between units. Poisoning with other weak acids where the poison control centre recommends it, for example certain phenoxy acid herbicides…

…Definition of aortic aneurysm Sinus of Valsalva 45 mm. Any other segment 40 mm in diameter. Thresholds for surgery Threshold for surgery Relevant patient category…

…clinical factors: Anemia: Hemoglobin <13 g/dL in men or <12 g/dL in women (3 points) Severe Renal Disease: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)…

…risk factor for stroke in AF patients. Evidence suggests that the increased stroke risk in women is more closely associated with other comorbidities and age…

…bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly to other bleeding…

…clinicians in balancing estimating the risks of bleeding. Components of the HEMORR₂HAGES Score The acronym HEMORR₂HAGES represents the following parameters: H epatic or renal disease…