…cysts and tumors of the pericardium, as well as congenital malformations leading to an incomplete or absent pericardium. In case of suspicion of pericardial disease…

…sudden cardiac death. It may also be associated with early death after cardiac transplantation. Myocardial bridging is not itself an atherosclerotic lesion, but it may…

…of an X linked condition may develop a phenotype later and require delayed or individualized assessment. Disease specific genetic architecture HCM is predominantly associated with…

…limbs or other organs. However, the increased risk in mortality is not completely explained by the increased risk of stroke; people with atrial fibrillation are…

…favorable prognosis, as compared with other forms of ventricular tachycardia. Mechanisms of ventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia (VT) may emerge due to increased/abnormal automaticity, re…

…With regards to drugs, the risk of QT prolongation and TdP varies markedly across the list but tends to be rather similar within a drug…

…absence of fragmented QRS has a high negative predictive value (93%) for myocardial infarction. Moreover, fragmented QRS is associated with an increased risk of sudden…

…other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7. Start NIV without undue delay in persistent hypercapnic respiratory acidosis, if invasive ventilation is not…

…summary of the indications, contraindications, dosage, administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with…

…target. Raising HDL C pharmacologically has not been shown to reduce cardiovascular events. Very high HDL C may paradoxically be associated with increased risk, and…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…Do not wait for troponin. If clinical suspicion persists despite an initially non diagnostic ECG, the ECG must be repeated, particularly with ongoing or recurrent…

…single central feature is enough to proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of the brain does not exclude an infarction in the posterior…

…not administer to patients with a history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other…

…preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term antiplatelet therapy after STEMI is associated with approximately a 25…

…with cardiovascular risk is at least as strong as, and often stronger than, that of LDL C. ApoB has also been more closely associated with…

…aggregation. Because aspirin affects only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The…

…of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke. The risk associated with…

…minority of patients presenting with acute chest pain ultimately have ACS; reported rates are generally 5–10%, although some series report 10–20%. Other life…

…cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. However, association is not the same as causation . A…

…and under representation of patients with STEMI or other very high risk features. Noninferiority studies designed mainly around bleeding outcomes may not reliably exclude clinically…

…BP ≥180/110 mmHg with acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ…

…location and complexity of coronary stenoses. Higher scores indicate more diffuse or technically complex disease and are associated with a greater relative advantage for CABG…

…coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality…

…a substantial proportion of the excess ischaemic heart disease risk associated with heavy smoking. Consequently, reducing the number of cigarettes smoked does not produce a…

…most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals…

…dilatation Biventricular hypertrophy Simultaneous hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy…

…is given. An ECG without ischemic ST T changes when recording during chest pain is not consistent with myocardial ischemia. In other words, chest pain…

…1). This is possible by using two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves…

…tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission Tomography), radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other…

…angle of observation. The injury currents are not strong enough to be detected on leads with opposite angle of observation. Other vectors may interfere with…

…rhythms with narrow QRS complexes indicate that the block and the ectopic focus (which generates the escape rhythm) are located proximal to the bifurcation of…

…at the end of expiration, with the tape horizontal and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement Calculation Threshold : : : Waist–hip ratio Waist…

…discuss with the on call coagulation service Always in parallel: mechanical control of bleeding, tranexamic acid where it is not contraindicated, and contact with the…

…the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather than abandoning the procedure. Choice of site The posterior superior iliac spine…

…plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous…

…lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound may not heal. Over superficial nerves (the lateral aspects of the fingers…

…weakness in a patient with known myasthenia responds to further cholinesterase inhibition. The test has a sensitivity of around 60 % and is not specific: motor…

…severe piperacillin–tazobactam 4 g × 4 IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or doxycycline…

…of effect, the dosing, the adverse effects and the important precautions. A hypertensive emergency is defined by a markedly raised blood pressure in combination with…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Akutsjukvård Lathundar Emergency overview Measure the plasma glucose immediately in everyone with a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour…

…The biochemical grade alone does not indicate how acute the condition is. A patient with a chronic plasma sodium of 112 mmol/L may be…

…A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of no clinical significance…

…neutropenic fever is limited, but delayed antibiotics are associated with a worse outcome in sepsis and in several studies of neutropenic patients. In septic shock…

…The indication rests on the clinical picture together with echocardiographic signs of tamponade — not on how wide the rim of fluid looks. With ultrasound guidance…

…treatment — modification of loading, eccentric exercise, an NSAID, an orthosis — has not given a sufficient effect. Contraindications Absolute: Cellulitis, a skin wound or other infection…

…preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine…

…Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions with a high risk of fluid overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant metabolic…

…mm. Limitations Formulas assume normal body habitus Ethnic variations may require adjusted thresholds Always correlate with imaging measurements Not valid for pediatric patients <15 years

…or more 5.8% Interpretation of ATRIA risk score. Comparison with other bleeding risk models Several bleeding risk assessment tools exist for patients with AF…

…AF patients. Evidence suggests that the increased stroke risk in women is more closely associated with other comorbidities and age rather than sex alone. Consequently…

…D rugs/alcohol concomitantly Each component is assigned 1 point, with a maximum score of 9. The score takes into account various risk factors that…

…3 Interpretation of HEMORR₂HAGES score. Comparison with ATRIA and HAS BLED Scores Several studies have compared the predictive performance of HEMORR₂HAGES with other bleeding risk…

…therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial…

…associated with myocardial injury. Relationship to chronic coronary syndromes Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) describe stable period clinical presentations arising from structural or functional abnormalities of…

…The clinical presentation reflects the severity of RV pressure overload and the extent of circulatory compromise. Features associated with an unfavourable short term prognosis include…

…sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower alcohol intake remain…

…activity may be widespread rather than confined to a single lesion. Plaque composition is heterogeneous. Lipid rich, macrophage rich plaques are commonly associated with ru

…of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with…

…limiting the applicability of trial findings to people with substantial functional impairment, multimorbidity, or limited life expectancy. Available randomized evidence has not demonstrated that frailty…