…are cysts and tumors of the pericardium, as well as congenital malformations leading to an incomplete or absent pericardium. In case of suspicion of pericardial…

…Other congenital anomalies include anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the pulmonary artery and anomalous origin of one coronary artery from the opposite aortic…

…phenotype later and require delayed or individualized assessment. Disease specific genetic architecture HCM is predominantly associated with variants affecting sarcomeric proteins, particularly MYH7 and MYBPC3…

…certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and AVRT (pre excitation, WPW syndrome) being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with onset…

…QT syndrome , sarcoidosis , Prinzmetal's angina (coronary vasospasm), electrolyte disorders , congenital heart disease and catecholamine induced ventricular tachycardia . The vast majority of patients with ventricular…

…prolong the QT interval, and cause torsade de pointes (TdP) and long QT syndrome (LQTS) is presented below. With regards to drugs, the risk of…

…93%) for myocardial infarction. Moreover, fragmented QRS is associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmias. Figure 2. Fragmented QRS complex…

…syndromic diagnosis, not a sufficient explanation for all acute dyspnoea in a patient with COPD. Pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax and acute coronary syndrome…

…Dosage: Acute Coronary Syndromes Treatment with Ticagrelor should start with a loading dose of 180 mg (two 90 mg tablets) followed by 90 mg twice…

…particularly in patients with metabolic syndrome or elevated triglycerides despite normal or low LDL C. HDL cholesterol (HDL C) is inversely associated with cardiovascular risk…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Overview Acute coronary syndrome comprises STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable…

…is not a test for BPPV. It is used in the acute vestibular syndrome — continuous vertigo with spontaneous nystagmus, nausea and difficulty walking that has…

…reported with acetylsalicylic acid. Discontinue acetylsalicylic acid at the first sign of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or hypersensitivity. Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other…

…intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term antiplatelet therapy after STEMI is associated with approximately a 25% reduction in recurrent infarction, stroke…

…used. Risk in these circumstances appears to track more closely with apoB. Discordantly high apoB is especially associated with metabolic syndrome and mildly elevated triglycerides…

…only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and…

…to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke. The risk associated with asymptomatic disease depends substantially on stenosis severity and plaque characteristics. In the general population…

…of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Other cardiopulmonary causes , including myopericardial disease…

…which demonstrated that high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. However…

…Definition and pathophysiological rationale Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) denotes treatment with aspirin plus a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)…

…The European definition uses BP ≥180/110 mmHg with acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence…

…stenoses. Higher scores indicate more diffuse or technically complex disease and are associated with a greater relative advantage for CABG over PCI in multivessel disease…

…coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality…

…Patients with acute coronary syndrome should be offered cessation support during hospitalization. Depression and adverse environmental exposures are associated with continued or resumed smoking after…

…persons with significant heart disease, predominantly ischemic heart disease. However, most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular…

…ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely directed forces tend to cancel each other out…

…is given. An ECG without ischemic ST T changes when recording during chest pain is not consistent with myocardial ischemia. In other words, chest pain…

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

…is the only tracer with myocardial uptake linearly related to coronary blood flow. 15 O Water is an ideal tracer, with a short half life …

…with straight (horizontal, upsloping, or downsloping) or convex ST segment strongly suggest acute transmural ischemia ( Figure 1 A ). Concave ST segment elevations, on the other…

…block: ECG criteria, clinical characteristics and management This chapter discusses third degree AV block, which is synonymous with AV dissociation, complete AV block, AV block…

…expiration, with the tape horizontal and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement Calculation Threshold : : : Waist–hip ratio Waist / hip Men 0.90…

…creatinine ≥133 µmol/L Rivaroxaban 20 mg once daily with food 15 mg once daily at eGFR 15 49 mL/min Edoxaban 60 mg once…

…one or more cell lines. Suspected acute leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative neoplasm. Work up and staging of lymphoma and myeloma. Suspected bone marrow metastasis…

…incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure…

…margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is…

…Marked bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked obstructive airways disease — relative; the risk of bronchospasm…

…severe piperacillin–tazobactam 4 g × 4 IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or doxycycline…

…organ damage. Isolated malignant retinopathy without other acute organ damage can often be treated more cautiously with oral drugs under careful observation [3,4]. A…

…meal or with continued glucose administration adapted to the cause. 8. Identify drugs, renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating…

… 2. Is the hyponatraemia acute or chronic? Severe symptoms require immediate treatment with hypertonic sodium chloride, whether the hyponatraemia is acute or chronic. The aim…

…A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of no clinical significance…

…neutropenic fever is limited, but delayed antibiotics are associated with a worse outcome in sepsis and in several studies of neutropenic patients. In septic shock…

…overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which the procedure is the wrong treatment : Aortic dissection with haemopericardium…

…rotator cuff syndrome The subacromial space The best documented indication Greater trochanteric pain syndrome (gluteal tendinopathy) The trochanteric bursa The effect is chiefly short term…

…The other predictable error is forgetting that pacing hurts a great deal in a conscious patient. Indications Immediate (transcutaneous) pacing in bradycardia with haemodynamic compromise…

…is disputed and practice differs between units. Poisoning with other weak acids where the poison control centre recommends it, for example certain phenoxy acid herbicides…

…Any other segment 40 mm in diameter. Thresholds for surgery Threshold for surgery Relevant patient category 27.5 mm/m 2 Turner syndrome 40 mm…

…8% Interpretation of ATRIA risk score. Comparison with other bleeding risk models Several bleeding risk assessment tools exist for patients with AF, including HAS BLED…

…AF patients. Evidence suggests that the increased stroke risk in women is more closely associated with other comorbidities and age rather than sex alone. Consequently…

…widely recognized and validated tool used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are taking anticoagulants…

…HEMORR₂HAGES score. Comparison with ATRIA and HAS BLED Scores Several studies have compared the predictive performance of HEMORR₂HAGES with other bleeding risk assessment tools, notably…

…cough is primarily clinical and relies on the temporal association of the cough with the medication. Specific diagnostic criteria for cough hypersensitivity syndrome are lacking…

…and heart failure are among the conditions associated with myocardial injury. Relationship to chronic coronary syndromes Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) describe stable period clinical presentations…

…the extent of circulatory compromise. Features associated with an unfavourable short term prognosis include: Tachycardia Low systolic blood pressure Respiratory insufficiency, manifested by tachypnoea and…

…effects on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias…

…activity may be widespread rather than confined to a single lesion. Plaque composition is heterogeneous. Lipid rich, macrophage rich plaques are commonly associated with ru

…Immediate cardioversion is reserved primarily for instability. Evaluation and physical examination Initial assessment should establish whether AF is associated with acute haemodynamic compromise, pulmonary oedema…

…other interventions. Frailty commonly overlaps with multimorbidity and is frequent in patients with cardiovascular disease, including heart failure and ischaemic heart disease. Ageing is associated…