…as well as congenital malformations leading to an incomplete or absent pericardium. In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, it is important to conduct a…

…Other congenital anomalies include anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the pulmonary artery and anomalous origin of one coronary artery from the opposite aortic…

…dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk of transmitting the relevant variant to each child. However, other inheritance patterns, de…

…Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and AVRT (pre excitation, WPW syndrome) being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with…

…favorable prognosis, as compared with other forms of ventricular tachycardia. Mechanisms of ventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia (VT) may emerge due to increased/abnormal automaticity, re…

…this link to assess the literature. Medical conditions Category Condition Congenital conditions Jervell and Lange Nielsen syndrome Romano Ward syndrome Idiopathic congenital long QT syndrome …

…of the R waves. This is believed to be due to delayed (and thus electrically unopposed) depolarization in the ischemic area. Fragmented QRS complex The…

…Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood…

…with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or a prior heart attack and a high risk of developing an atherothrombotic event. Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the active substance…

…combined dyslipidaemia, non HDL C is particularly relevant because it captures triglyceride rich lipoproteins in addition to LDL and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk…

…oxygen demand) in order to provoke ischemia in myocardium supplied by atherosclerotic arteries. This engenders the typical ECG changes as well. In acute coronary syndromes…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Overview Acute coronary syndrome comprises STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable…

…test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds to a minute or so…

…binding to plasma albumin, but the therapeutic effect remains unchanged. Sulfonylureas: Salicylates may potentiate the hypoglycemic effect of sulfonylureas, possibly due to reduced binding to…

…with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and aggregation contribute importantly to arterial thrombus formation…

…used. Risk in these circumstances appears to track more closely with apoB. Discordantly high apoB is especially associated with metabolic syndrome and mildly elevated triglycerides…

…compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic…

…PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke…

…categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Other cardiopulmonary causes , including myopericardial disease, pulmonary embolism, aortic emergencies, and pneumothorax. Non cardiopulmonary causes , including gastrointestinal…

…That study spread like a virus through social media and it is likely that it may have resulted in increased mortality due to stopping statins…

…In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography…

…acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ injury is decisive. The pathophysiology…

…main disease. Clinical presentation and symptoms The clinical presentation of multivessel CAD varies from stable angina or exertional limitation to acute coronary syndrome (ACS), ventricular…

…loss of independence. Identification of PAD also provides an opportunity to recognise atherosclerosis in other arterial territories and to initiate secondary prevention. Clinical assessment should…

…acute coronary syndrome Reinfarction reduced by approximately 30–40%; death reduced by approximately 35–45% Peripheral artery disease Lower risk of progression to chronic limb…

…other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals. Atrial flutter causes characteristic ECG changes, as discussed below. Atrial flutter tends to…

…ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely directed forces tend to cancel each other out…

…acute coronary syndromes & chest pain patients An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical attention due to chest discomfort or other symptoms that…

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

…they annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect these gamma rays to construct images with high spatial and…

…Concave ST segment elevations, on the other hand, are much less likely to be caused by ischemia ( Figure 1 B ). This is noted in both…

…scenario, which is referred to as isoarrhythmic AV block , may even simulatesinus rhythm. Third degree AV block causes cardiac arrest unless an escape rhythm emerges…

…and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement Calculation Threshold : : : Waist–hip ratio Waist / hip Men 0.90, women 0.85 = abdominal…

…rivaroxaban and edoxaban. Check every 6 months 15 30 Dabigatran contraindicated. The other DOACs are possible according to FASS, but the documentation is insufficient; check…

…one or more cell lines. Suspected acute leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative neoplasm. Work up and staging of lymphoma and myeloma. Suspected bone marrow metastasis…

…incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure…

…moment the spray starts. Let the tissue thaw completely between cycles — it is the freeze–thaw–freeze cycle that causes cell death, not the cold…

…Contraindications Known hypersensitivity to edrophonium. Mechanical obstruction of the bowel or the urinary tract. Marked bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without…

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

…Condition Overall strategy Common first choices : : : Acute aortic syndrome Immediate rate control and rapid reduction of the systolic blood pressure towards 100 to 120 mmHg…

…or with continued glucose administration adapted to the cause. 8. Identify drugs, renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor…

…main clinical rule Two questions determine the initial management: 1. Does the patient have severe neurological symptoms that may be due to the hyponatraemia? 2…

…Drug induced liver injury is the commonest cause Isolated bilirubin Unconjugated, the others normal Gilbert's syndrome, haemolysis The R value = (ALT / upper limit…

…a blood gas, coagulation tests and other investigations according to the clinical picture 5 Take cultures or molecular tests from the suspected focus, but avoid…

…litre that has accumulated slowly can be asymptomatic, while 150 mL collected over an hour causes tamponade. The indication rests on the clinical picture together…

…or other infection over the injection site. Bacteraemia or suspected septic bursitis or arthritis. A joint prosthesis in the adjacent joint. Known hypersensitivity to the…

…to atropine: Complete heart block (third degree AV block) and second degree AV block Mobitz type 2. Marked sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest, sick sinus syndrome…

…urine to alkalinise, and the sodium and volume load becomes pure harm. Dialysis is then the way forward. Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions…

…Any other segment 40 mm in diameter. Thresholds for surgery Threshold for surgery Relevant patient category 27.5 mm/m 2 Turner syndrome 40 mm…

…Developed from the ATRIA study cohort, this score aids clinicians in estimating the risk of bleeding complications due to anticoagulants. Components of the ATRIA Score…

…is more closely associated with other comorbidities and age rather than sex alone. Consequently, the CHA₂DS₂ VA score was developed to provide a more accurate…

…superiorly to other bleeding risk assessment tools, such as HEMORR2HAGES, ATRIA, ORBIT, and GARFIELD AF scores. Moreover, the HAS BLED score has been found to…

…HEMORR₂HAGES score. Comparison with ATRIA and HAS BLED Scores Several studies have compared the predictive performance of HEMORR₂HAGES with other bleeding risk assessment tools, notably…

…is thought to involve the sensitization of sensory nerve endings due to the accumulation of bradykinin. ACE is responsible for metabolizing bradykinin and other tachykinins…

…Relationship to chronic coronary syndromes Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) describe stable period clinical presentations arising from structural or functional abnormalities of the coronary arteries or…

…blood flow increases RV pressure load and may impair RV filling and forward output. The resulting syndrome may progress to systemic congestion, reduced cardiac output…

…drinking in either sex. Other definitions of unhealthy drinking include at least two drinks daily in women or three in men, or at least four…

…cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is…

…of life, contribute to heart failure, and increase the risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and…

…characterized by reduced physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to adverse outcomes. It is dynamic and may improve or worsen with illness, treatment, or other interventions…