…clinical presentation, bleeding risk, the anticipated need for non cardiac surgery, procedural complexity, and the relative merits of PCI and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG…

…flowing blood. While atherosclerosis progresses indolently and non linearly, often remaining asymptomatic for decades, it sets the anatomical and biochemical stage for sudden, life threatening…

…The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting for 60 70% of ACS presentations…

…by the American Heart Association (AHA), American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the European Society for Cardiology (ESC). The chapter will start with basic concepts…

…the terminology used by different devices vary; follow the local setting instructions for the device available on the unit. Preparation and equipment A device capable…

…is normal or low. Clinical Significance Non HDL C is strongly associated with cardiovascular risk for both initial and on treatment assessment. In most studies…

…and the relationship between diameter stenosis and haemodynamic significance is weak, particularly for intermediate lesions. Even lesions with a visual diameter reduction of 50–70…

…non ischaemic mimics rather than MINOCA when identified as the final diagnosis. Reported prevalence varies according to the population and diagnostic criteria. MINOCA accounts for…

…coronary microvascular dysfunction or vasospasm. A normal or non obstructive coronary anatomy does not necessarily exclude an ischaemic mechanism. Clinical assessment and estimation of pre…

…myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has guided clinical decision making for decades but carries several limitations, most notably its reliance…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter…

…coronary angiography, while approximately 25% of these patients have documented ischaemia. Among patients referred for invasive angiography, ANOCA/INOCA is more frequent in women, affecting…

…and therefore potentially suitable for a selective invasive approach? Is the clinical likelihood of true NSTE ACS low enough that non invasive evaluation is more…

…Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring is a non invasive method for detecting and quantifying calcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque. It is performed using a non contrast…

Echocardiography Ultrasound artifacts The following artifacts are common in ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing…

Cardiology Principles of myocardial perfusion imaging Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non invasive technique for detecting and quantifying coronary artery disease (CAD). It offers…

…®, Rogitine ® Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity…

…It is also an alternative to invasive coronary angiography (ICA) for excluding non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in patients with a…

…of LDL C, non HDL C and apolipoprotein B. Causes and secondary contributors A search for secondary contributors is an essential first step. Recognised causes…

…quick reference for ward and on call physicians: recognise hypoactive delirium, stabilise the patient, work systematically through the possible causes, apply several non pharmacological measures…

…hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract…

…history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia. Thrombocytopenia. Active gastric or…

…is indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including: Unstable angina (UA) Non ST elevation myocardial infarction…

…is indicated in adults for chemical conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is used in the following settings: Non surgery patients:…

…mortality alone because non fatal events constitute an important component of the overall burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. SCORE2 is intended principally for adults aged…

…or it may extend to additional non infarct related lesions. Culprit only revascularization treats the artery responsible for the acute clinical event during the index…

…considered independently. For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed, fibre rich and bioactive foods, including fruits, non starchy vegetables, beans…

…troponin elevation, ACS are classified into unstable angina (UA), non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). While the…

…an intraluminal thrombus. The clinical spectrum includes unstable angina, non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The traditional…

…natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) The traditional distinction between NSTE ACS (NSTEMI, Non STEMI) and STE ACS (STEMI) is slightly simplified. In reality…

…outcomes and shown to outperform visual angiographic guidance in selecting lesions for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Non hyperemic pressure ratios (instantaneous wave free ratio [iFR…

…symptoms, the ECG and haemodynamics. Do not wait for troponin. If clinical suspicion persists despite an initially non diagnostic ECG, the ECG must be repeated…

…be considered. The doses and Swedish thresholds below are based on the national guideline for the management of reperfusion treatment in ischaemic stroke, Nationell arbetsgrupp…

…Use the arm with the higher pressure, or the non dominant arm if the values are equal. Check against a manual measurement and document the…

…Skin or mucosa only, stable breathing and circulation Observation, a non sedating antihistamine for symptoms Anaphylaxis Objective airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise, or a rapidly…

…rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of a leg ulcer — compression in arterial insufficiency can…

…for example during mechanical ventilation or severe metabolic derangement. Major surgery with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom non invasive measurement…

…or ≥ 110 Isolated systolic hypertension ≥ 140 and < 90 Thresholds for different measurement methods Measurement technique Faulty measurement technique is the most common cause of…

…value does not exclude significant blood loss. Massive haemorrhage meeting the criteria for activation of the massive transfusion protocol. Plasma and platelets: in ongoing bleeding…

…the equipment are in order, and whether there is an explicit plan for what happens when the first attempt fails. Desaturation and unrecognised oesophageal intubation…

…A high risk of aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus, third trimester pregnancy, marked reflux. A need for high airway pressures, for example severe ARDS…

…must never delay it. Indications Suspected meningitis or encephalitis. Suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage with a normal or non diagnostic CT. Suspected neuroborreliosis, neurosyphilis or another CNS…

…is uncertain and the evidence for non traumatic bleeding is weaker [2,3,4]. Do the following immediately: 1. Call for help using the words…

…palliative phase (at lower doses than for pain). An opioid is rarely the right choice in nociplastic or neuropathic pain, in chronic non cancer pain…

…the hypothermia group HYPERION (2019) 33 °C for 24 hours versus 37 °C, with a non shockable initial rhythm More patients with a good neurological…

…malignancy and an aortoenteric fistula. Variceal bleeding generally has a higher early mortality than non variceal bleeding [1,2]. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can present as…

…Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These medications…

…Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These medications…

…to navigate to the section): Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Classification of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. General principles for the management of VT/VF. Antiarrhythmic agents: doses, indications…

…its non invasive nature and reproducibility make it indispensable in congenital and critical care cardiology. Regular echocardiographic assessment ensures timely intervention, improving outcomes for patients…

…S, et al. CHA₂DS₂ VASc or a non sex score (CHA₂DS₂ VA) for stroke risk prediction in atrial fibrillation: a cohort study. Eur Heart J …

…patient care. Non Invasiveness: The calculation relies on readily available clinical parameters, eliminating the need for more invasive and costly direct measurements of GFR. Limitations…

…2031 7. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making E M Antman, M…

…2031 7. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making E M Antman, M…

…when multiple modifiable and non modifiable risk factors converge. The electrophysiological mechanism underlying TdP involves prolonged ventricular repolarisation, which allows for the recovery of time…

…established ASCVD, its potential reduction in non fatal myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke must be weighed against clinically important gastrointestinal and intracranial bleeding. Evidence in…

…ACL reduces hepatic cholesterol synthesis and produces reductions in LDL C, non high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP…

…be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome…

…also occur at rest or remain clinically silent. The underlying coronary disease may be obstructive or non obstructive. Atherosclerotic plaque accumulation in the epicardial arteries…

…PCI), or medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low dose aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor…