…clinical presentation, bleeding risk, the anticipated need for non cardiac surgery, procedural complexity, and the relative merits of PCI and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG…

…flowing blood. While atherosclerosis progresses indolently and non linearly, often remaining asymptomatic for decades, it sets the anatomical and biochemical stage for sudden, life threatening…

…The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting for 60 70% of ACS presentations…

…by the American Heart Association (AHA), American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the European Society for Cardiology (ESC). The chapter will start with basic concepts…

…the terminology used by different devices vary; follow the local setting instructions for the device available on the unit. Preparation and equipment A device capable…

…is normal or low. Clinical Significance Non HDL C is strongly associated with cardiovascular risk for both initial and on treatment assessment. In most studies…

…and the relationship between diameter stenosis and haemodynamic significance is weak, particularly for intermediate lesions. Even lesions with a visual diameter reduction of 50–70…

…non ischaemic mimics rather than MINOCA when identified as the final diagnosis. Reported prevalence varies according to the population and diagnostic criteria. MINOCA accounts for…

…coronary microvascular dysfunction or vasospasm. A normal or non obstructive coronary anatomy does not necessarily exclude an ischaemic mechanism. Clinical assessment and estimation of pre…

…myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has guided clinical decision making for decades but carries several limitations, most notably its reliance…