…rather than an indwelling catheter. A catheter is not, however, indicated for incontinence as the sole reason, for convenience where the workload is heavy, or…

…then 10 people must be treated to save 1. Thus, the greatest opportunities exist in the first few minutes, which is within the reach of…

…fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with…

…cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome) is a rather peculiar and certainly acute condition. Much research has been devoted to it in recent years. Most cases (70%…

…usually involves the central portion of the chest or the epigastrium and occasionally radiates to the arms. Less common sites of radiation include the abdomen…

…or ischemic episode to result in ventricular arrhythmia, it must coincide with other pro arrhythmogenic factors. The emergence of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation is…

…guidelines. Hence, this chapter will present the most recent evidence and recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Ischemic heart disease…

…guidelines. Hence, this chapter will present the most recent evidence and recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Ischemic heart disease…

…or exertion. It is more common in women than in men and can last for years. ACE Inhibitor Induced Angioedema Angioedema secondary to ACE inhibitor…

…pandemic. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al )…

…pandemic. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al )…

…most promising improvement. 1 Given the wide use of pacemakers and the trend towards increased use of cardiac devices in general, it is crucial to…

…if HPV positive The interval is counted from the most recent sample analysed for HPV. Invitations are sent up to and including the age of…

…which is by far the most common cause of ST segment elevation in any population (up to 90% of males aged 40 years or younger…

…While BMI remains the most widely utilized metric for assessing weight, its clinical utility is frequently limited by its inability to distinguish between muscle mass…

…more prolonged, or provoked by less exertion. Angina occurring after a recent myocardial infarction. UA belongs to the broader spectrum of acute coronary syndromes, which…

…etc) is necessary to improve outcomes in out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and in hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). Initiating or withholding CPR In cases…

…Sudden cardiac arrest is the most lethal manifestation of cardiovascular disease, accounting for 50% of all cardiovascular deaths ( Tsao et al ). A recent meta analysis…

…that the most important thing is to swallow on command. A patient who understands the procedure tolerates it considerably better than one who is taken…

…It is believed that the virus was transmitted from bats to humans in Wuhan, China, and it has now spread to more than 170 countries…

…regimen remains the default for most patients with ACS, including those with NSTE ACS. It applies whether ACS is managed with PCI or without revascularization…

…MI, diffuse microvascular dysfunction, or flow limiting epicardial stenoses), is the predominant cause, accounting for approximately 60% of HFrEF cases in Western populations [14] . Non…

…overlapping features frequently lead to confusion between LBBB and acute STEMI. In fact, studies have shown that LBBB is the most common cause of false…

…to assess left ventricular function. The majority of these parameters can be calculated or approximated using two dimensional echocardiography. The most widely adopted parameter is…

…and unstable angina is chest pain (chest discomfort). However, the chest pain caused by NSTEMI and unstable angina is less severe than the pain in…

…Defined as VT lasting longer than 30 seconds or requiring termination earlier due to hemodynamic collapse [4] . Sustained VT is a medical emergency that universally…

…solution. Cumulative doses of more than 5 mg/kg should not be given within 24 hours. If conversion to sinus rhythm is not successful, blood…

…that binds to charcoal, when it can be given early and the patient has an intact or a protected airway. The benefit is greatest within…

…instability and hypertension [4]. Step 2: look systematically for acute organ damage Organ or condition Findings to look for Initial investigation : : : CNS Confusion, reduced consciousness…

…Mild 130 to 134 mmol/L Moderate 125 to 129 mmol/L Severe Below 125 mmol/L Duration Definition : : Acute Documented development within less than…

…clamp. pH indicator paper with a scale that discriminates within the acidic range — ordinary litmus paper that only shows acid or alkaline is not sufficient…

…INR before the first dose. A raised baseline value suggests liver disease or vitamin K deficiency and must be investigated before treatment is started. 2…

…recent data suggest that clean, well cleaned wounds can be closed later than that, and on the face and scalp — where the blood supply is…

…linearly with diabetes and carotid atherosclerosis tends to be more advanced than in people without diabetes. Carotid disease is also a marker of systemic cardiovascular…

…may travel directly to the ventricles without any delay. Hence, the ventricle will be excited (depolarized) earlier than expected, which is referred to as pre…

…transfusion is rarely the right measure. Contraindications Anaemia that can be corrected with iron, B12 or folate in a stable patient. Transfusion given solely to…

…acute glaucoma is suspected (normal 10–21 mmHg). Tonometry is contraindicated with suspected perforation or infection. Removal Proceed from the least to the most invasive…

…most dangerous asthma attack is the silent one. A patient who has become calm, quiet in the chest and stopped struggling may be about to…

…to stop doing what you are doing. Indications The laryngeal mask: A rescue airway when intubation has failed and bag mask ventilation is difficult or…

…if R is taller than R', ventricular tachycardia is suggested. Triphasic complexes (rSr’, rsr’, rSR’, rsR’) suggests SVT V6 : rS, QS, R or Rs complex…

…therapy. I C Symptom relief Symptom Management Recommendation Level of evidence Hypoxia Oxygen is indicated if SaO2 < 90% or PaO2 < 60 mmHg. I…

…CPP is equivalent to the pressure difference between the aortic root and right atrium during diastole (coronary blood flow occurs in diastole or the decompression…

…are continuous or episodic, how long an attack lasts, and whether anything actually triggers it [1,2]. The single most important practical rule is: Continuous…

…on the other leg. If the signal is uncertain or borderline, the fibular artery can also be sought anterior to the lateral malleolus. Calculation: for…

…attaining an upright posture or following painful stimuli and emotional stress. By the age of 60, vasovagal syncope is reported to occur in over 40…

…the apex. Please note that for most clinicians it is not necessary to be able to determine the direction of the re entry loop. Figure…

…to increased LAP (left atrial pressure). However, left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) also rises; the left ventricle becomes volume overloaded since less blood is…

…opposite is also true; frame rate, and thus temporal resolution, can be increased by reducing image depth or reducing the width of the sector. To…

…clarify: Whether AF is pre existing, newly detected, or newly developed during the acute illness The ventricular rate and its relationship to symptoms and haemodynamic…

…or a combination of these symptoms. The diagnosis requires elevated levels of cardiac troponins. In addition to elevated troponins, the patient must display either symptoms…

…which can contribute to peripheral embolization and may reduce the apparent luminal diameter on contrast aortography. AAA growth is variable. Aneurysms smaller than 4 cm…

…in relation to VSR. Large infarction, especially for septal or free wall rupture. Free wall rupture is more common after fibrinolytic therapy than after PCI…

…inferior infarction. Extensive involvement is less common in patients with inferoposterior left ventricular infarction, while infarction confined predominantly to the right ventricle is rare. The…

…subacute or non acute. The history taking must be systematic and accurate because the history itself is often sufficient to make a diagnosis or identify…

…being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis/myocarditis or pulmonary embolism is often…

…any heart rate below 50 beats/min is most likely not paced. An intrinsic heart rate faster than the base rate should inhibit the pacemaker…

…is the most common form of cardiovascular disease. It has been the number one killer in Western and high income countries for more than half…

…referred to Zipes et al . Main causes of cardiac arrhythmias Arrhythmias arise if the impulse formation is abnormal, if the impulse transmission is abnormal, or…

…less echogenic. It is important to estimate the volume, echogenicity and location of the effusion. Regarding the location, an effusion may be general (circumferential) or…

…node discharges electrical impulses at a higher frequency than normal. Similar to sinus rhythm, the rhythm is regular with a positive P wave in lead…