…is given in Charrière (Ch), where the figure corresponds to the circumference in millimetres — a Ch 16 therefore has a diameter of about 5 mm…

…recent years ( Figure 2 ). The chain of survival is only as strong as its weakest link, which means that all components of the chain must…

Cardiology Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Thromboembolism Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and…

…cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome) is a rather peculiar and certainly acute condition. Much research has been devoted to it in recent years. Most cases (70%…

…the morning within a few hours of awakening. Pain is the most common presenting complaint. The pain is deep and visceral, frequently described as heavy…

…is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being the most…

…guidelines. Hence, this chapter will present the most recent evidence and recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Ischemic heart disease…

…guidelines. Hence, this chapter will present the most recent evidence and recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Ischemic heart disease…

…tract. This process is not dose dependent. Similarly, angioedema occurring in the setting of ACE inhibitor therapy is bradykinin mediated rather than mast cell mediated…

…pandemic. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al )…

…pandemic. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al )…

…the most promising improvement. 1 Given the wide use of pacemakers and the trend towards increased use of cardiac devices in general, it is crucial…

…Every seven years HPV, with reflex cytology if HPV positive The interval is counted from the most recent sample analysed for HPV. Invitations are sent…

…of attending a lecture given by professor Salim Yusuf of McMaster University. Professor Yusuf is the most cited researcher in cardiovascular medicine, a real giant…

…in recent clinical trials (Rawshani et al). Recommended reading: MetDis Database of Obesity Trials. Obesity and Cardiovascular Outcomes The global burden of obesity is increasingly…

…itself is defined by a recent change in the pattern of myocardial ischaemia rather than by a particular symptom intensity alone. The characteristic symptom is…

…6 or 7 showed no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle. In other words, the heart today is anatomically the same as…

…Sudden cardiac arrest is the most lethal manifestation of cardiovascular disease, accounting for 50% of all cardiovascular deaths ( Tsao et al ). A recent meta analysis…

…that the most important thing is to swallow on command. A patient who understands the procedure tolerates it considerably better than one who is taken…

…It is believed that the virus was transmitted from bats to humans in Wuhan, China, and it has now spread to more than 170 countries…

…ACS is associated with a high risk of platelet driven atherothrombosis, while interruption of antiplatelet therapy after recent stenting is associated with increased risk of…

…40% [14] . This distinction is paramount for practicing cardiologists: HFimpEF represents a state of myocardial remission rather than true recovery. Data from the TRED HF…

…In fact, studies have shown that LBBB is the most common cause of false activations of the catheterization laboratory. LBBB may mask (conceal) ongoing ischemia…

…than the atherosclerotic burden. Assessment of the size, mass, geometry, and function of the left ventricle is fundamental for the diagnosis and prognosis of most…

…ischemia). Yet, the pain caused by NSTEMI and unstable angina is considerable and most patients are therefore markedly affected. Other symptoms – such as dyspnea, cold…

…Defined as VT lasting longer than 30 seconds or requiring termination earlier due to hemodynamic collapse [4] . Sustained VT is a medical emergency that universally…

…years) : No dose adjustments are necessary. Contraindications to vernakalant Severe aortic stenosis Systolic blood pressure < 100 mm Hg. Heart failure with NYHA class III…

…not afterwards. Indications Medicinal charcoal is given after the ingestion of a potentially toxic dose of a substance that binds to charcoal, when it can…

…single blood pressure value does not define a hypertensive emergency. Even a blood pressure above 220/120 mmHg can occur without acute organ damage. Conversely…

…symptomatic hyponatraemia must be corrected in a controlled fashion, since too rapid a rise can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome [1,2]. Hyponatraemia is primarily a…

…water with a straw if the patient is awake and can swallow. Gloves, an apron, a visor. Suction must be out and working before you…

…INR before the first dose. A raised baseline value suggests liver disease or vitamin K deficiency and must be investigated before treatment is started. 2…

…recent data suggest that clean, well cleaned wounds can be closed later than that, and on the face and scalp — where the blood supply is…

…the arms exceeding 15 mmHg is associated with a 50% higher risk of cardiovascular death. Bilateral arm blood pressure measurement is therefore recommended in the…

…involves the atria, atrioventricular node, accessory pathway and the ventricles. In most cases, the re entry is induced by a premature atrial beat. Atrioventricular reent

…1.3 mm (green) for rapid transfusion, preferably two lines in a bleeding patient. A transfusion set with a filter. Blood components must not be…

…acute glaucoma is suspected (normal 10–21 mmHg). Tonometry is contraindicated with suspected perforation or infection. Removal Proceed from the least to the most invasive…

Lungmedicin Akutsjukvård Lathundar Immediate management The most dangerous asthma attack is the silent one. A patient who has become calm, quiet in the chest and…

Procedurer The laryngeal mask is the single most important tool when intubation fails, since it restores oxygenation without requiring a view down into the larynx…

Info Brugada's algorithm is the most used algorithm for distinguishing ventricular tachycardia (VT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with wide QRS complex. The algorithm entails…

…therapy. I C Symptom relief Symptom Management Recommendation Level of evidence Hypoxia Oxygen is indicated if SaO2 < 90% or PaO2 < 60 mmHg. I…

…CPP of approximately ≥ 15 mmHg is required to induce spontaneous electrical activity in myocardial cells. CPP below 15 mmHg is insufficient to generate cardiac electrical…

Neurologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Rapid overview Acute dizziness is managed most safely by first establishing the time course and precipitating circumstances , and then selecting a targeted…

…brachial index is the cheapest and most accessible method of objectively demonstrating peripheral arterial disease, and it is needed more often than it is used…

…disease High risk features on examination include: Unexplained systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg Suggestion of gastrointestinal hemorrhage Persistent bradycardia (< 40 beats/min) Undiagnosed…

…the apex. Please note that for most clinicians it is not necessary to be able to determine the direction of the re entry loop. Figure…

…infarction may lead to papillary muscle rupture. The risk of rupture is greater for the posteromedial papillary muscle, which only receives blood supply from one…

Echocardiography Echocardiography in 2D Two dimensional (2D) ultrasound is the most commonly used modality in echocardiography. The two dimensions presented are width (x axis) and…

…pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and is also a common tachyarrhythmia requiring treatment…

…the presence of troponins in most normal persons. In 2017 it was possible to detect myocardial infarctions 100 times smaller than what was possible to…

…on contrast aortography. AAA growth is variable. Aneurysms smaller than 4 cm may enlarge by approximately 1.5–2 mm per year, whereas larger aneurysms…

…or free wall rupture. Free wall rupture is more common after fibrinolytic therapy than after PCI in the reported clinical profile, whereas primary PCI appears…

…manifestations rather than providing a separate catalogue of symptom patterns. The severity of right ventricular involvement should be considered when inferior infarction is accompanied by…

…chest pain: differential diagnoses, evaluation and management Chest pain is one of the most common symptoms in the emergency department, as well as in primary…

…Approximately 10% of individuals aged 80 years and above have atrial fibrillation, whereas the arrhythmia is unusual among persons younger than 50 years of age…

…any heart rate below 50 beats/min is most likely not paced. An intrinsic heart rate faster than the base rate should inhibit the pacemaker…

…is the most common form of cardiovascular disease. It has been the number one killer in Western and high income countries for more than half…

…On the other hand, sinus bradycardia developing during physical exercise is considered abnormal, because heart rate must increase during exercise. Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias The…

…consists of a parietal layer and a visceral layer. The parietal layer is 2 mm thick, rich in connective tissue and envelops the entire heart…

…below). ECG in sinus tachycardia Sinus tachycardia fulfills all criteria for sinus rhythm but the heart rate is faster than 100 beats per minute. Thus…