…These abnormalities produce breathlessness, orthopnea, weight gain, peripheral edema, early satiety, abdominal distension and, in some patients, bendopnea. Congestion may also aggravate functional mitral regurgitation…

…pain, haemoptysis, syncope and palpitations. Orthopnoea, weight gain and peripheral oedema. Previous hypercapnia, NIV or invasive ventilation. Home oxygen and the patient's usual saturation…

…30% reduction in major cardiovascular events with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with either nuts or extra virgin olive oil compared with a low fat dietary…

…body weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters. BMI is relevant for medical prognostication as it serves as a quick, low cost…

…48 h where possible Thromboprophylaxis Low molecular weight heparin unless contraindicated Head of the bed 30–45° Stress ulcer prophylaxis During mechanical ventilation, in coagulopathy…

…in the diagnosis of aortic root dilation. Key Formulas BSA Calculation (Mosteller formula): [ \text{BSA (m²)} = \sqrt{\frac{\text{Height (cm)} \times \text{Weight…

…subtype 3 activity Attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis Reduction in body weight and haemoglobin A1c Increased uricosuria, with plasma uric acid reduction of…

…with low molecular weight heparin is rarely needed with DOACs. Reversal in major bleeding Drug Reversal : : Warfarin Prothrombin complex concentrate (dose by INR and weight…

…Vaccines, depot antipsychotics, hydroxocobalamin, adrenaline in anaphylaxis, ceftriaxone, ferric carboxymaltose Rapid, 10–20 min Subcutaneous (SC) Insulin, low molecular weight heparin, GLP 1 analogues, methotrexate…

…practical quick reference for emergency physicians in suspected acute ischaemic stroke. It covers time windows, indications and contraindications for intravenous thrombolysis, weight based tenecteplase dosing…

…hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract…

…without shoes, the weight, the age, the sex and the ancestry before the measurement; the reference values are based on them. In kyphosis, or when…

…completely. Relative contraindications: A high risk of aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus, third trimester pregnancy, marked reflux. A need for high airway pressures, for…

…otherwise modified in some populations. Cardiometabolic mechanisms Visceral and ectopic fat are particularly relevant to cardiovascular risk. Excess adipose tissue promotes: Chronic, low grade systemic…

…a low salt, low cholesterol diet, regular physical activity, avoidance of smoking, and adequate sleep. The process should begin early in life. Primordial prevention in…

…= HR · SV Cardiac Index (CI) Cardiac Index (CI) is the ratio between cardiac output (CO) and body surface area (estimated by weight and height)…

…cTnI and cTnT are specific to cardiac muscle cells. Cardiac troponin levels are extremely low in healthy subjects; the 99 th percentile is less than…

…initial warm up period (at a low workload), followed by a successive (graded) increase in workload. The increase in workload occurs with predefined time intervals…

…used in atrial fibrillation. Follow the Swedish medicines compendium (FASS) and the local protocol. Low molecular weight heparin is the first choice in pregnancy and…

…option. Contraindications Ongoing clinically significant bleeding. Pregnancy in the first trimester and close to delivery (embryopathy and fetal bleeding respectively). Marked liver failure with coagulopathy…

…exhaustion and, in the most severe cases, hypotension, pneumothorax and respiratory arrest [1]. The first few minutes 1. Sit the patient up and minimise physical…

…The condition occurs above all in: treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors pregnancy prolonged fasting or a very low carbohydrate intake excessive alcohol consumption vomiting or othe

…alcohol and illicit substances weight, age, pregnancy and comorbidity renal and hepatic function regular medication and drug dependence epilepsy or previous seizures suicidal intent packaging…

…3. Sinus bradycardia. The small q waves in inferior leads (II, aVF, III) are not significant. Low voltage in limb leads. Click to zoom. Figure…

Cardiology Definition and pathophysiology Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing…

…Target ≥ 65 mmHg in shock; higher in known hypertension Pulse pressure 40–60 mmHg A narrow pulse pressure suggests a low stroke volume Capillary refill…

…1 ). Representative single beat morphs for a low risk patient (blue) and the corresponding high risk morph (red). Beyond the difference in R wave amplitude…

…rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be…

…account for most cases. Variants in APOB that impair apolipoprotein B binding to the LDL receptor. Gain of function variants in PCSK9, which reduce recycling…

…Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes…

…left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely…

…but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart rate response, arrhythmias and recovery. A patient who stops at a low workload…

…Conversely, a rapid rise in blood pressure from a previously low level can cause organ damage at lower values, for example in pregnancy, acute glomerular…

…part of the initial stroke assessment [1]. Treat immediately when there are symptoms and a low glucose. Do not wait for the venous laboratory result…

…halve before the creatinine leaves the reference range, because the relationship is hyperbolic. In people with a low muscle mass — the elderly, the undernourished, amputees…

…low risk female patients, thereby reducing the potential for bleeding complications. The CHA₂DS₂ VA score is a clinical tool designed to assess stroke risk in…

…Their clinical importance arises from the causal role of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)…

…Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter in the intestine…

…PCSK9 synthesis decreases circulating PCSK9, increases the availability of hepatic low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) receptors at the cell surface, and thereby enhances removal…

…syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary prevention. Statins inhibit…

…and appear brighter on the image. Structures with low echogenicity reflect less ultrasound and become darker in the image. Acoustic shadowing Some structures have very…

…life support (BLS) 1. Safety at the scene The first step in BLS is to check the scene for safety. BLS can only commence if…

…with low to moderate risk of CAD. In patients with a high to very high risk of CAD, invasive coronary angiography is the first line…

…is the leading cause of mitral regurgitation in low and middle income countries. Rheumatic heart disease typically results in thickening of the leaflets and may…

…fibrillation, coarse (large amplitudes). ECG 4 . Ventricular fibrillation. ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation, fine (low amplitudes). ECG 6 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse. ECG 7 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse…

…per standard guidelines. Cardiac arrests due to trauma are characterized by very low survival rates. In the nationwide Swedish Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, the 30…

…acidosis or alkalosis in a haemodynamically stable patient A venous blood gas is often sufficient as the first sample Precise pCO₂ in suspected ventilatory failure…

…this first . Thrombocytopenia, by contrast, is not a contraindication; the specimen may be taken even at very low platelet counts, followed by compression. Infection in…

…hours Prednisolone 5 mg Moderate Intermediate, 12–36 hours Methylprednisolone 4 mg Low Intermediate Betamethasone 0.6 mg None Long, 36–54 hours Dexamethasone 0…

…0 mm in men < 30 years) Other thresholds Sinus bradycardia: < 50/min. A rate < 40 while awake should be investigated. First degree…

…marked electrolyte disturbance; correct these first before elective cardioversion. AVNRT and AVRT that respond to adenosine — try adenosine first in the stable patient. Sinus tachycardia…

…objects can be removed in general practice or in the emergency department with simple equipment. Two principles determine the outcome: the first attempt is the…

…rule after a rapid fall in blood pressure. Drug Indications Dosing α1 β1 β2 D1/D2 Effect Adverse effects : : : : : : : : : : : : : Dopamine — low dose Rarely used 0…

…but is suspected when the FVC is low with a normal or high ratio. Reversibility: an increase in FEV₁ or FVC of 10 % of the…

…always Pulsus paradoxus above 10 mmHg A fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration; one of the most useful signs Low voltage on the ECG…

…procedure must not then be started. Radiography before reduction A radiograph is taken before reduction in a first time dislocation , so as not to reduce…

…inhibition of glycine conjugation. Pregnancy Low doses (up to 100 mg/day): Clinical studies suggest doses up to 100 mg/day appear safe but req

…Hypertension: History of hypertension (1 point) Score 1 year risk of bleeding Low risk 0 3 0.8% Intermediate risk 4 2.6% High risk…

…decisions on anticoagulation Men Women Points Recommendation Evidence Recommendation Evidence 0 No treatment Low No treatment High 1 Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOAK 1 is…

…Interpretation of HAS BLED score A score of 0 1 indicates low risk A score of 2 suggests moderate risk A score of 3 or…