…vomiting, generalized malaise, and visual disturbances such as altered color perception and halo vision. Cardiac toxicity presents as various arrhythmias, ranging from bradycardias related to…

…categories are: 10 year ASCVD risk Category <5% Low 5% to <7.5% Borderline 7.5% to <20% Intermediate ≥20% High Management should incorporate the…

…hypertension Pulse pressure 40–60 mmHg A narrow pulse pressure suggests a low stroke volume Capillary refill < 3 s A simple and validated marker…

…morphology, which replaces the sharp negative S wave seen in the low risk beat — the previously undescribed biomarker identified by the deep learning model. Predicting…

…rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be…

…Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess…

…Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes…

…dilatation Biventricular hypertrophy Simultaneous hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy…

…recovery. A patient who stops at a low workload with a fall in blood pressure is a high risk patient even with normal ST segments…

…from a previously low level can cause organ damage at lower values, for example in pregnancy, acute glomerular disease or scleroderma renal crisis [1,2]…

…Whipple's triad : 1. Symptoms or signs consistent with hypoglycaemia. 2. A documented low plasma glucose during the symptoms. 3. Resolution of the symptoms when…

…halve before the creatinine leaves the reference range, because the relationship is hyperbolic. In people with a low muscle mass — the elderly, the undernourished, amputees…

…The quality of the test determines its entire value: a poorly performed manoeuvre gives a falsely low FVC and thus a falsely normal FEV₁/FVC…

…as it serves as a quick, low cost, and reliable screening tool for body composition, risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and specific cancers…

…VA Score Risk Category Annual Stroke Risk (%) 0 Low 0.2 1 Low 0.6 2 Intermediate 2.2 3 Intermediate 3.2 4 High…

…Their clinical importance arises from the causal role of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD…

…of cholesterol delivered to the liver. The resulting hepatic response includes increased expression of low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs), which enhances removal of circulating LDL…

…PCSK9 synthesis decreases circulating PCSK9, increases the availability of hepatic low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) receptors at the cell surface, and thereby enhances removal…

…Patients already taking low or moderate intensity statins should have treatment intensified. The 2025 ACS guideline recommendations include: High intensity statin therapy for all patients…

…SGLT2 is a high capacity, low affinity transporter situated in the S1 and S2 segments of the renal proximal tubule. It accounts for approximately 90…

…and appear brighter on the image. Structures with low echogenicity reflect less ultrasound and become darker in the image. Acoustic shadowing Some structures have very…

…shown in Table 1, BLS is an exceptionally effective treatment, with a very low number needed to treat (NNT), indicating high effectiveness. Although BLS is…

…symptoms suggestive of CAD. SPECT imaging is recommended as the initial study in patients with low to moderate risk of CAD. In patients with a…

…the valvular apparatus. Age related degeneration affects 2% of the population and leads to gradual prolapse of the valve leaflets (Figure 1). Rheumatic heart disease…

…ECG 2 . VT progressing to ventricular fibrillation. ECG 3 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse (large amplitudes). ECG 4 . Ventricular fibrillation. ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation, fine (low amplitudes…

…characterized by very low survival rates. In the nationwide Swedish Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, the 30 day survival for traumatic cardiac arrest is 2.5%…

…level of consciousness and circulation. 2. Give controlled oxygen with a target of 88 to 92 percent until the risk of hypercapnia has been assessed…

…pH low or high? pH <7.35 is acidaemia, pH 7.45 is alkalaemia. A normal pH does not exclude an acid base disorder 2…

…by contrast, is not a contraindication; the specimen may be taken even at very low platelet counts, followed by compression. Infection in the skin overlying…

…Hydrocortisone (cortisol) 20 mg Marked Short, 8–12 hours Prednisolone 5 mg Moderate Intermediate, 12–36 hours Methylprednisolone 4 mg Low Intermediate Betamethasone 0.6…

…in II 2.5 mm tall Right atrial enlargement P wave in V1 Terminal negative component 1 mm × 40 ms Left atrial enlargement Low voltage…

…Atrial flutter, which often converts at low energy and is difficult to terminate pharmacologically. Ectopic atrial tachycardia or SVT that has not been terminated by…

…available. Do not then try "by feel" — refer to ENT. Relative — a low threshold for referral: Marked swelling or inflammation around the object. A small…

…the right needle length. Indications Route Typical drugs Absorption : : : Intramuscular (IM) Vaccines, depot antipsychotics, hydroxocobalamin, adrenaline in anaphylaxis, ceftriaxone, ferric carboxymaltose Rapid, 10–20 min…

…myocardium. Activation results in increased contractility and increased chronotropy (heart rate). Beta 2 adrenergic receptors: expressed in vascular smooth muscle. Activation results in vasodilatation. D1…

…Lactate Falling A clearance 10 % per 2 h is a reasonable target ScvO₂ 70–80 % A low value suggests inadequate oxygen delivery Capillary refill <…

…ventilating is not experienced in intubation. Planned anaesthesia for short procedures in a fasted patient at low risk of aspiration. A conduit for fibreoptically assisted…

…failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation. Type 2: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a PaCO₂ 6…

…most useful signs Low voltage on the ECG, electrical alternans Supportive; it does not exclude Diastolic collapse of the right atrium and right ventricle The…

…miss a posterior dislocation. The exceptions are an obvious recurrent dislocation in a patient with known instability and a low energy mechanism, and a neurovascularly…

…patient category 27.5 mm/m 2 Turner syndrome 40 mm • Patients with mutations in TGFBR1, TGFBR2 or Loes Dietz syndrome, who have low BSA…

…Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant therapy (e.g., coumarin derivatives or heparin—except low dose heparin). Patients with gastrointestinal disorders…

…1 point) Score 1 year risk of bleeding Low risk 0 3 0.8% Intermediate risk 4 2.6% High risk 5 or more 5…

…or TIA or thromboembolism (2 points) V: Vascular disease (1 point) A: Age 65 to 74 years (1 point) Sc: Sex category: being female (1

…of HAS BLED score A score of 0 1 indicates low risk A score of 2 suggests moderate risk A score of 3 or higher…

…point) HEMORR₂HAGES Score Risk category Incidence of major bleeding (per 100 patient years) 0 Low 1.9 1 Low 2.5 2 Intermediate 5.3…

…acute Heart failure (HF), chronic Bradycardia (second line alternative) High dose : 10.0 20.0 μg/kg/min. ++++ ++++ ++ +++++ Hig dose dopamine additionally induces α1…

…mmol/L (55 mg/dL): Add PCSK9 inhibitor (Class I recommendation). 2. Reassessment After 4–6 Weeks • LDL C levels are reassessed to evaluate the…

…patients into low, intermediate, and high risk categories. Clinical applications The SYNTAX Score is primarily used to: Guide Revascularization Strategy : Patients with low scores (≤22)…

…PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury. This classification is central to determining the…

…and incompletely absorbed after oral administration, with systemic bioavailability ranging from 25% to 65% and minimal hepatic first pass extraction. Following a single oral dose…

…estimated 10 year cardiovascular risk of 10%. Approximately 12% reduction in non fatal myocardial infarction with low dose aspirin. Approximately 12% reduction in non fatal…

…when the sinus rate is extremely low—such as less than 40 to 50 beats per minute in the first 4 to 6 hours after…

…antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites…

…plaque characteristics. In the general population, the prevalence of asymptomatic carotid stenosis of at least 70% is low, reported as 0–3.1%. In contrast…

…Despite this relatively low prevalence, missed myocardial infarction remains consequential, and historically 2–6% of patients discharged with presumed non ischaemic chest pain were subsequently…

…not developed for routine coronary prevention because of fatal infections and high cost. Low dose methotrexate did not reduce cardiovascular outcomes, and several other agents…

…difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the occurrence of contrast induced AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease…

…Radiation exposure depends on the protocol and scanner; CAC scanning is associated with a particularly low dose, approximately 1–2 mSv, while contemporary combined coronary…

…The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low dose aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor, preferentially prasugrel or ticagrelor…