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Pleural aspiration and chest drain

…All drains are inserted within the safe triangle (Figure 1). Outside it the risk of injuring the diaphragm, liver, spleen or internal thoracic artery increases…

Neutropenic fever: quick reference for emergency management

…infectious diseases physician early in a high risk course, in instability, with resistance problems, or with suspected fungal infection 10 Document the times of triag

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…level of consciousness, the pupils, tone, clonus and seizures. Give glucose in hypoglycaemia and a benzodiazepine for toxicological seizures E Temperature, skin, smell, injection marks…

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Treatment Principles

…congenital heart disease, liver disease, airway or lung disease, and hyperthyroidism; follow up and investigation of the cause of increased flow are appropriate. Exercise PH…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…undiluted syringe of 10 mg/mL makes small adjustments impossible. Procedure Intravenous titration in acute severe pain Practical points during titration: Give the injection slowly…

Sepsis and septic shock: quick reference for the first hour

…caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Clinically this usually corresponds to an acute increase in the SOFA score of at least 2 points…

Nail procedures — paronychia, ingrown toenail and subungual haematoma

…or a damaged nail fold edge Nail avulsion and inspection of the nail bed, with suture of any nail bed laceration Contraindications There are no…

Principles and Preparations for Echocardiographic Examinations

Echocardiography The echocardiographic examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in…

Carotid Artery Disease: Screening, Medical Therapy and Revascularisation

…should include: palpation of peripheral pulses; auscultation for carotid, femoral, and abdominal bruits; bilateral brachial blood pressure measurement; cardiac auscultation; inspection of the legs and…

Gynaecological examination and cervical smear

…transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be tested on urine or a self taken vaginal sample without a speculum. Routine gynaecological examination of asymptomatic…

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