…foreign materials pose a high risk of infection. Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18% show significant…

…infection at the puncture site, known thrombosis in the target vein. With a mechanical tricuspid prosthesis the lead must not be passed through the valve…

…evaluation for coronary artery disease, etc .) are warranted. Management of AV blocks aims to restore atrioventricular conduction either pharmacologically or by means of artificial pacemakers…

…Alternative route : Central venous administration of adenosine is suitable in the intensive care unit or coronary care unit. Adenosine injection must be administered quickly (1…

…to edrophonium. Mechanical obstruction of the bowel or the urinary tract. Marked bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma…

…A flush should immediately follow the bolus injection to ensure rapid delivery to the central circulation. If the drug is injected into a central vein…

…Subclavian vein Most comfortable for the patient, the most stable dressing, lowest risk of infection and thrombosis with prolonged dwell time Highest risk of pneumothorax…

…a fracture in the cribriform plate into the cranium Absolute Corrosive injury of the oesophagus or stomach after ingestion of a caustic substance Absolute Choanal…

…local practice Relative Skin infection, herpes zoster or burns over the puncture site Relative Mechanical ventilation with a high PEEP (an increased risk of pneumothorax…

…Etiologies of tension pneumothorax include: Traumatic injuries (blunt force, lacerations, gunshot wounds) Asthmatic episodes Iatrogenic events (e.g., during central venous catheter insertion) Underlying lung…