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Central venous catheter

…the most stable dressing, lowest risk of infection and thrombosis with prolonged dwell time Highest risk of pneumothorax, the vessel cannot be compressed after arterial…

Management and treatment of AV block (atrioventricular blocks)

…choice of device therapy and also suggest whether other interventions (e.g. heart failure management, evaluation for coronary artery disease, etc .) are warranted. Management of…

Transcutaneous and transvenous pacing

…to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine. The anterolateral position also works and is

Endocarditis: definitions, causes, diagnosis, echocardiography & treatment

…foreign materials pose a high risk of infection. Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18% show significant…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines the need for…

Soft tissue corticosteroid injection

Procedurer A corticosteroid injection into soft tissue gives rapid but time limited pain relief and rarely alters the natural history of the disease. In lateral…

Cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)

…and other viral respiratory infections. However, in some individuals the infection may be severe and deadly. Importantly, COVID 19 has caused an unprecedented number of…

Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

…1. Flowchart showing the natural course of coronary artery disease and classification of acute coronary syndromes into STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina using ECG criteria…

The Cabrera format of the 12-lead ECG and inverted lead aVR

…next to each other, the T wave inversion in lead III would not be consistent with the upright T waves in leads I and II…

Neutropenic fever: quick reference for emergency management

…the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile response. A neutropenic patient with a suspected infection and organ dysfunction…

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