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Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

…of acute coronary syndromes into STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina using ECG criteria. Acute myocardial infarction: a diagnosis based on cardiac troponins A diagnosis of…

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy / Dysplasia (ARVC, ARVD)

…of myocardium leads to ventricular dilation and right heart failure. Biventricular heart failure is less common. ECG in ARVC T wave inversion in the lead…

Endocarditis: definitions, causes, diagnosis, echocardiography & treatment

…foreign materials pose a high risk of infection. Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18% show significant…

Principles and Preparations for Echocardiographic Examinations

…our understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac disease. Ultrasound systems have become cheaper, more portable, more powerful, equipped with an increasing number of methods to…

Transcutaneous and transvenous pacing

…infection at the puncture site, known thrombosis in the target vein. With a mechanical tricuspid prosthesis the lead must not be passed through the valve…

Carotid Artery Disease: Screening, Medical Therapy and Revascularisation

…should include: palpation of peripheral pulses; auscultation for carotid, femoral, and abdominal bruits; bilateral brachial blood pressure measurement; cardiac auscultation; inspection of the legs and…

ECG in myocardial ischemia: ischemic changes in the ST segment & T-wave

…discussion of the electrophysiological principles, ECG changes and clinical implications is provided. The reader should already be familiar with the classification of acute coronary syndromes…

Brugada syndrome: ECG, clinical features and management

…to separate from those in Brugada syndrome and the risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death is considerably lower than the risk among patients…

Cardiac arrest due to pneumothorax

…JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of haemorrhageinduced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019; 140:37 42. Endo…

Central venous catheter

…Subclavian vein Most comfortable for the patient, the most stable dressing, lowest risk of infection and thrombosis with prolonged dwell time Highest risk of pneumothorax…

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