…a combination of: direct tubular toxicity; renal haemodynamic disturbance and ischaemia; pre existing or concurrent hypovolaemia; cardiac dysfunction or haemodynamic instability; and additional nephrotoxic exposures…

…the nocebo effect : negative expectations, contextual cues and attribution of pre existing symptoms to the medication. No single diagnostic test can distinguish a pharmacological SAMS…

…patients on digoxin or verapamil, although this is not an established drug interaction. The half life of adenosine is 8 seconds. Adverse effects are therefore…

…Figure 1. Flow chart for the investigation of suspected endocarditis. Vegetations Vegetations are ecotate masses made up of the foci of infection. Vegetations can be…

…its development. PAH may be idiopathic, heritable, drug associated, or associated with conditions such as systemic sclerosis, HIV infection, cirrhosis, and sickle cell disease. The…

…Etiologies of tension pneumothorax include: Traumatic injuries (blunt force, lacerations, gunshot wounds) Asthmatic episodes Iatrogenic events (e.g., during central venous catheter insertion) Underlying lung…

…should include: palpation of peripheral pulses; auscultation for carotid, femoral, and abdominal bruits; bilateral brachial blood pressure measurement; cardiac auscultation; inspection of the legs and…

…infusion of agents to stress the AV node and His Purkinje system, such as isoproterenol and/or procainamide. EPS with isoproterenol is also recommended for…

…of the correct size, a sharps bin. For vaccination: adrenaline 1 mg/mL, an antihistamine, oxygen, and the ability to lay the patient down. Injection…

…a shorter duration of effect. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL without adrenaline , 2–5 mL. Needles: 21–25 G, 40 mm for subacromial and trochanteric injection…