…Respiratory conditions : Tension pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes…

…chemistry & laboratory medicine Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiological Basis High sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn) assays detect circulating troponin released from…

…therefore requires individualized balancing of ischemic and bleeding hazards. High bleeding risk (HBR) should be assessed in a structured manner. Within the ARC HBR framework…

Initial Focus: High potency statin therapy is foundational unless contraindicated. Combination Therapy: Ezetimibe is the next step if LDL C targets are not met with…

Hydralazine Hydralazine is not preferred for hypertensive emergencies due to the high risk of reflex sympathetic stimulation. Drug Hydralazine Brand names Apresoline ®, Bidil ®…

…chemistry & laboratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Apolipoprotein B (apoB) and non high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non HDL C) are complementary measures of atherogenic lipoprotein burden…

…Mitral regurgitation Causes of mitral regurgitation The most common cause of mitral regurgitation in high income countries is age related degeneration of the valvular apparatus…

…cessation of prolonged and heavy alcohol intake. The condition can develop despite a measurable or high blood alcohol concentration, particularly in patients with marked tolerance…

…< 120 and < 80 Normal 120–129 and/or 80–84 High normal 130–139 and/or 85–89 Grade 1 hypertension 140–159…

…recovery. A patient who stops at a low workload with a fall in blood pressure is a high risk patient even with normal ST segments…

…1. Expose the whole shoulder; rolling up a sleeve creates a constriction that distorts the anatomy and tempts the operator to inject too high. 2…

…a high risk of hypoglycaemia 8–12 mmol/L The critically ill patient in intensive care According to the local protocol Avoid tight targets in…

…is incomplete: reduce the calculated equianalgesic dose by 25–50 per cent and titrate. At a high dose, in old age or in renal failure…

…disease Stage eGFR Description : : : G1 ≥ 90 Normal or high G2 60–89 Mildly reduced G3a 45–59 Mildly to moderately reduced G3b 30–44 Moderately…

…of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or a prior heart attack and a high risk of developing an atherothrombotic event…

…of patients should undergo angiography within 24 hours, but high risk patients should be evaluated with angiography earlier. Guidelines recommend the use of validated risk…

…cardiac death: what the new Nature study shows Low risk (blue) versus high risk (red) ECG morphs in lead aVL (adapted from Obermeyer et al…

…commensurate with the body’s requirements, or can do so only at the expense of abnormally high filling pressures. The resulting haemodynamic congestion produces a…

…completely different. It took roughly 50 years for researchers to finally conclude that high cholesterol levels caused coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis in general. This…

…patients with a confirmed NSTEMI, patients with a working diagnosis of NSTE ACS and a high probability of unstable angina (UA), and patients whose initial…

…practice guidelines for emergency medicine (and prehospital medicine). This is high quality medical education simply. Life in the Fast Lane Australian site with one of…

… sotagliflozin is a related dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor. SGLT2 is a high capacity, low affinity transporter situated in the S1 and S2 segments of the…

…world: What is the best ECG book? This question is far from trivial and the stakes are high; mastering ECG interpretation will frequently be a…

…the intensity of reflected sound waves. Structures with high echogenicity will reflect more ultrasound and appear brighter on the image. Structures with low echogenicity reflect…

…treatment, with a very low number needed to treat (NNT), indicating high effectiveness. Although BLS is primarily developed for out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA)…

…and hypoperfusion manifesting as hypotension. The high mortality associated with sepsis underscores the critical importance of timely and appropriate interventions. In patients presenting with concurrent…

…In principle, all causes of pericarditis can result in constrictive pericarditis. In high income countries, idiopathic pericarditis, radiation to the pericardium and surgical interventions are…

…Dipyridamole, Regadenoson : Should be avoided in patients with active bronchospasm, severe hypotension, or high degree AV block. Caffeine and other methylxanthines, which antagonize adenosine receptors…

…of cardiovascular disease. It has been the number one killer in Western and high income countries for more than half a century, causing approximately 20…

…and should be managed urgently. The risk of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest is high and pharmacological interventions are frequently futile. It is often necessary…

…relaxation should proceed rapidly and the ventricle should expand substantially. This requires that the myocardium has high compliance , a term used to describe myocardial elasticity…

…it specifies another approved regimen. The first 10 minutes 1. Assess airway, breathing and circulation. 2. Obtain a 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes. 3…

…coat hypertension: raised office blood pressure without organ damage. Suspected masked hypertension: normal office blood pressure but organ damage or high risk. Treatment resistant hypertension…

…in venous thromboembolism Treatment doses in deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism differ from the atrial fibrillation doses and include an initial high dose phase…

…develops over hours to days [1,2]. Six steps Step Question Practical interpretation : : : 1 Is the pH low or high? pH <7.35 is acidaemia…

…marked work of breathing — the strongest indication, with a rapid effect on dyspnoea and oxygenation. Atelectasis and postoperative hypoxaemia. Hypoxaemic failure where high flow nasal…

…wards a substantial proportion of older patients are affected, and the incidence is particularly high after hip fracture, major surgery and intensive care [1,2…

…three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis and metabolic acidosis. A very high glucose value is no longer required [1]. Diabetic ketoacidosis, DKA Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state…

…present). High voltage (excessive amplitudes) is present if the S wave in V1 or V2 + the R wave in V5 is 35 mm. Q waves…

…the urinary tract. Marked bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked obstructive airways disease — relative; the…

…at lower values if the rise is rapid, the patient has symptoms, or the clinical risk is high [1,2]. 1. Perform an ABCDE assessment…

…result. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Vasoconstriction Vasodilatation Positive inotropy Phenylephrine Vasopressin Midodrine Noradrenaline Adrenaline, high dose Dopamine, high dose Adrenaline, low dose Dopamine, intermediate…

…completely. Relative contraindications: A high risk of aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus, third trimester pregnancy, marked reflux. A need for high airway pressures, for…

…be palpable despite ischaemia ABI 0.9 < 0.9 Often falsely high Contraindications to compression The ankle brachial index measured with Doppler determines whether…

…cannot be established with spirometry alone, but is suspected when the FVC is low with a normal or high ratio. Reversibility: an increase in FEV₁…

…assessment of the circulation and breathing 2 Assess whether the patient has sepsis, septic shock, or a need for high dependency or intensive care 3…

…set of valves, and a high flow nasal cannula where available. Bag mask equipment for a patient who is not breathing adequately. Choosing a system…

…clinical picture are sufficient for a treatment decision. Systemic thrombolysis is the first line treatment in high risk embolism, unless there is an absolute contraindication…

…surgeon. Dislocation of a native hip (as opposed to a prosthesis) — a high risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head and of vascular injury…

…same time has a lactate above 2 mmol/L. This combination carries a high mortality [1,2]. Give antibiotics immediately and aim for administration within…

…injury — blood at the meatus, a perineal or scrotal haematoma, a high riding or impalpable prostate, a pelvic fracture, a straddle injury Relative Recent urethral…

…immunosuppression, and high dose corticosteroids. The time limit and the choice of closure strategy The classical limit of 6–8 hours for primary closure rests…

…The cornerstone of LQTS management involves lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and, in high risk cases, device implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and…

…The cornerstone of LQTS management involves lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and, in high risk cases, device implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and…

…of bleeding Low risk 0 3 0.8% Intermediate risk 4 2.6% High risk 5 or more 5.8% Interpretation of ATRIA risk score…

…BMI and cardiovascular outcomes High BMI is associated with several health conditions: Type 2 diabetes Hypertension Coronary artery disease Heart failure Dyslipidemia (including high LDL…

…Men Women Points Recommendation Evidence Recommendation Evidence 0 No treatment Low No treatment High 1 Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOAK 1 is considered for male…

…depends on plasma volume and plasma renin activity. Volume depletion and high plasma renin activity increase the effect of enalaprilat, and may cause severe hypotension…

…risk A score of 3 or higher indicates high risk of major bleeding Note that a high HAS BLED score should not be used as…

…The HCM Risk SCD score aims to identify individuals with a high risk of SCD and determine whether an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is warranted…