…sodium pump. Digoxin binds reversibly to a specific high affinity site on the extracytoplasmic face of the alpha subunit of the Na+ K+ ATPase. This…

…surgeon Close to large vessels, in the groin or on the neck Bleeding, vascular injury, pseudoaneurysm Surgeon, ultrasound first Other situations that argue for the…

…advanced. An introducer for the atraumatic needle — it is too soft to pass through the skin on its own. Local anaesthesia: lidocaine 10 mg/mL…

…a needle holder. Sutures: 5 0 or 6 0 non absorbable for the face, 4 0 for the trunk and limbs. Haemostasis: aluminium chloride solution…

…has not been inspected to its depth, and has not been assessed for tendon and nerve injury will heal badly however neatly the suture is…

…point toward gastroesophageal reflux. Physical examination should include a speculum examination of the nose to look for excess mucoid or purulent secretions, inflamed and edematous…

…Lubricate the outermost 10–15 cm of the tube. 4. Advance the tube perpendicular to the face, parallel to the floor of the nose — that…

…in steps of 2–3 cmH₂O every 5–10 min towards 20–25 cmH₂O according to tolerance and pCO₂ SpO₂ 88–92% Obesity hypoventilation Bilevel…

…Wait 10–15 minutes. 3. Apply the silver nitrate stick to the vessel with light pressure , rolling it, for 4–5 seconds until a grey…

…bite within 2 days phenoxymethylpenicillin 1 g × 3 10 days Cat bite after 2 days, close to a joint or on the face amoxicillin–clavulanic…

…with a reservoir 10–15 L/min 60–90 % For acute severe hypoxaemia. Fill the bag before applying the mask Venturi mask 2–15 L…

…routinely for over 60 years to evaluate cardiopulmonary function and to diagnose cardiovascular disease. The value of exercise stress testing is evident from the fact…

…in Figure 2 . The fetus obtains oxygenated blood from the placenta via the inferior vena cava . Blood in the inferior vena cava continues to the…

…and progress to asystole. Shockable rhythms (ventricular fibrillation [VF], ventricular tachycardia [VT]) are uncommon in hypoxic cardiac arrest, as evidenced by the fact that only…

…in Figure 2 . The fetus obtains oxygenated blood from the placenta via the inferior vena cava . Blood in the inferior vena cava continues to the…

…exercise (occasionally it may even drop up to 10 mmHg). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases due to the fact that systolic blood pressure increases during…

…node is explained by the fact that these cells start leaking sodium (Na + ) into the cell as soon as they return to their resting state …

…density allows for complete replenishment of ATP within 10 seconds (Fell et al, Houtkooper et al). The majority of ATP produced is utilized to fuel…

Infektionssjukdomar Akutsjukvård Lathundar Purpose and scope A quick reference for the doctor on call faced with suspected sepsis in adults: rapid recognition, microbiological sampling, empirical…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Video lecture: The ECG curve: P wave, PR Interval, Q wave, R wave, S wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T…

…slightly curved in the horizontal plane. It is initially directed forward but then turns left to activate the left atrium ( Figure 2 , left hand side)…

…that the J point is occasionally suboptimal for measuring ST segment deviation. This is explained by the fact that the J point is not always…

…why T wave inversions are included as criteria for myocardial infarction. This is explained by the fact that T wave inversions do occur after an…

…filling. When the aortic valve closes, the left ventricular myocardium begins to relax and ventricular pressure drops rapidly (Figure 2). The initial relaxation is isovolumetric …

…This is largely due to the fact that a universal definition of early repolarization is still lacking. Consequently, ECG criteria for early repolarization have varied…

…respiratory sinus arrhythmia both refer to the same phenomenon. Sinus arrhythmia fulfill all criteria for sinus rhythm except from the fact that the rhythm is…

…hypersensitivity to the preparations. Relative: Poorly controlled diabetes — expect a raised blood glucose for 2–5 days. Suspected or known tendon rupture. No response to…

…Z track technique for depot preparations and irritant drugs: pull the skin and subcutaneous tissue 2–3 cm to one side, inject, wait 10 seconds…

…The longer the distance, the more time required for sound waves to travel back and forth, which results in lower pulse repetition frequency (fewer ultrasound…

…lowers pulmonary arterial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, thereby reducing the load faced by the failing right ventricle. Clinical presentation and symptoms Clinically important RVI…

…is useful for detecting valvular regurgitation and defects in the atria or ventricles (Figure 2). In addition, color Doppler can be used to align the…

…follows ECG tracings demonstrating these aspects. Figure 2. Atrial pacing with normal conduction to the ventricles via the AV system. The ventricles are depolarized via…

…NSTEMI) and unstable angina (UA), which are collectively referred to as NSTE ACS (Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes) . This chapter deals with the pathophysiology…

…the ventricles with the same rate. This occurs if ventricular stimulation is set to be triggered by the atrial impulse. Another cause of pacemaker mediated…

…In fact, going to AHA/ACC/ESC websites, you can make yourself a textbook by downloading all their guidelines. Nevertheless, I recently read Recommendations for…

…atrial flutter is not capable of persisting for longer periods of time. This is due to the fact that atrial flutter is caused by a…

…block (LPFB) Left posterior fascicular block is much less common than LAFB. This is due to the fact that the posterior fascicle is larger and

…This is due to the fact that the left ventricle pumps against greater resistance and any disturbance in ventricular activation will reduce the efficiency of…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Posterior (posterolateral) acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) The heart is rotated 30° to the left in the thorax. This positions the…

…spectral curve (Figure 2), which is explained by the fact that all velocities (from zero to maximum) are recorded along the Doppler line. Figure 2…

…of the normal P wave does not exceed 2.5 mm in any limb lead. Reference values for the P wave The negative deflection of…

…therefore referred to as the Sgarbossa criteria. However, all such criteria remain, at best, suboptimal. Clinical judgment remains a more reliable tool for evaluating ischemia…

…be subdivided into several layers. These layers are similar to those seen in arteries throughout the circulatory system (Figure 1). The ventricular wall consists of…

…the fact that the premature ventricular impulse does not discharge and reset the sinoatrial node, which will therefore continue on schedule. Refer to Figure 2…

…diastole is equal to the volume flowing through the aortic valve during systole (Figure 2). The continuity equation is explained by the fact that the…

…made to the left ventricle. For this purpose, the left ventricle is subdivided into 4 walls: inferior , anterior , lateral and septal wall ( Figure 2 below…

…without any significant changes in volume. This phase is referred to as isovolumetric relaxation (IVR; Figures 1 and 2). When the ventricular pressure is less…

…suggested by Heusch, [1] this may be due to the fact that interventions that appear to modify oxygen demand also modify infarct size. The most…

…highly stochastic events. This is due to the fact that the vast majority of these arrests are caused by ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation…

…changes in the thorax. This leads to the fact that the pressure in the left atrium does not decrease when inhaled and, as a result…

…for V3R and V4R are identical to V3 and V4, but on the right side of the chest wall. Refer to Figure 2. Figure 2…

…itself may consist of serous fluid (transudate), protein rich fluid (exudate) to pure blood (exudate). Often pericardial effusion is detected randomly (for example, in CT…

…changes. This is due to the fact that pre excitation leads to abnormal depolarization of the ventricles and this leads to abnormal repolarization as well…

…ischemic heart disease (coronary heart disease) are among the common causes. The mechanisms leading to deterioration in ejection fraction vary for these conditions. Two exa

…tachycardia. Sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) fulfills all criteria for sinus rhythm except for the fact that the rhythm is slightly irregular. The…

…as it has implications for all clinicians and the ECG. Acute pericarditis causes chest pain, which may be very difficult to discern from pain caused…

… blind to microvascular disease by design; low real world adoption. DEFER (15 yr) · FAME · FAME 2 (5 yr, 11 yr) · FAME 3 Non hyperemic ratios…

…is fixed to the diaphragm via pericardium and connective tissue. Therefore the apex does not move much during the cardiac cycle, despite the fact that…

…The fact that continuous dizziness becomes worse when the patient moves the head is therefore not evidence of BPPV. Step 2: decide whether HINTS may…

…haemorrhage protocol in uncontrolled bleeding, shock or a rapid transfusion requirement 10 With impaired consciousness, an inability to protect the airway, or ongoing major haematemesis…