Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Framework Chest pain is a broad clinical syndrome rather than a narrowly defined symptom. It includes…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Definition and Pathophysiology A hypertensive emergency is severe blood pressure elevation accompanied by acute hypertension mediated target organ damage (HMOD). The European…

Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) comprises a spectrum of clinical presentations caused by suspected acute myocardial ischaemia…

Emergency medicine Lathundar Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview The evaluation of acute chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome…

Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Right ventricular infarction (RVI) is myocardial necrosis involving the right ventricle, most often occurring in association…

Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is an acute myocardial infarction associated with a working diagnosis…

Clinical medicine Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that…

Clinical chemistry & laboratory medicine Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiological Basis High sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn) assays detect circulating troponin released…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Acute aortic syndromes comprise classic aortic dissection, intramural haematoma (IMH), and penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU). Aortic dissection accounts for…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Emergency medicine Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Bradycardia encompasses a spectrum of rhythm disturbances characterized by an inappropriately slow heart rate. Within…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Pathophysiology An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is diagnosed when the abdominal aortic diameter exceeds 3 cm. Most AAAs are located…

…but the appropriate thresholds differ substantially according to the clinical setting. Values obtained in the emergency department for acute dyspnoea should not be transferred directly…

…for anyone interested in ECG interpretation. Also includes vast amounts of clinically relevant discussions and articles in emergency medicine. AnaesthesiaUK is a comprehensive e resource…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic…

Cardiology Introduction Ventricular tachycardia (VT) represents a complex and potentially lethal spectrum of cardiac arrhythmias that remains a formidable challenge in contemporary cardiovascular medicine. As…

…setting of ischemia, myocardial contractility is downregulated or completely ceased. The ischemic area will immediately display wall motion abnormalities. This is useful in emergency medicine…

…the stated maximum. Always check against the local guideline and the Swedish medicines compendium (FASS) before administration — concentrations and formulations differ between units, and most…

Cardiology Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Endocrinology & metabolism Cardiovascular medicine is currently witnessing a paradigm shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes…

…a sufficient initial target in most patients. Doses according to the local protocol and the Swedish medicines compendium (FASS). Rhythm control: the time limit before…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Scope Primary prevention aims to prevent the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals without established clinical CVD. It…

…unsuccessful resuscitation within a 4 minute window, an emergent cesarean section should be considered to optimize fetal outcomes. The gestational age should ideally exceed 20…

…guide the choice of agent. Calcium channel blockers (CCB) Clevidipine Drug Clevidipine Brand names Cleviprex ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Treatment of postoperative hypertension…

…guide the choice of agent. Calcium channel blockers (CCB) Clevidipine Drug Clevidipine Brand names Cleviprex ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Treatment of postoperative hypertension…

…two adequate intramuscular doses of adrenaline and initial fluid treatment Adrenaline infusion and advanced resuscitation in a monitored setting The grade can change within minutes…

Njurmedicin Akutsjukvård Lathundar Emergency management in brief The intensity of treatment is governed by ECG changes, symptoms, the rate of rise, renal function and the…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Akutsjukvård Lathundar Emergency overview Measure the plasma glucose immediately in everyone with a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour…

Hematologi & onkologi Infektionssjukdomar Lathundar Key message Fever in a neutropenic patient is an emergency. Infection can progress rapidly, while the typical local signs of inflammation…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of an emergency intubation is rarely the laryngoscopy itself but what was done before it: how well the patient was…

Clevidipine Drug Clevidipine Brand names Cleviprex ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Treatment of postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker…

…with alpha blockade is necessary before administering labetalol (risk of elevating blood pressure in these settings). Labetalol doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency).

Nicardipine Drug Nicardipine Brand names Cardene ® Indications Hypertension, hypertensive emergency/crisis. Pregnancy induced hypertension. Angina pectoris Prinzmetal's angina Mechanism of action Nicardipine is…

Neurologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar About this quick reference This is a practical quick reference for emergency physicians in suspected acute ischaemic stroke. It covers time windows…

…Fenoldopam Drug Fenoldopam Brand names Corlopam ® Indications Short term management of hypertension, including hypertensive emergency. Mechanism of action • Systemic Dopamine 1 (D1) receptor agonist…

…patient should be managed in an emergency department, an intensive care unit, a coronary care unit or another setting that allows frequent blood pressure measurement…

…delirium • Analgesia • Hypertension, hypertensive crisis/emergency Mechanism of action Clonidine is primarily a centrally acting alpha 2 agonist. Stimulation of alpha 2 adrenoceptors in the…

Esmolol Drug Esmolol Brand names Brevibloc ® Indications Short term control of ventricular rate (including perioperative tachycardia) and hypertension (including hypertensive emergency, perioperative hypertension). Mechanism…

…congestive heart failure. Angina pectoris. Hypertension, hypertensive crisis/emergency. Pulmonary hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroprusside provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation…

…care Victims of out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) who achieve ROSC in the emergency room (ER) are transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU)…

…following locations must not be handled routinely in primary care or in the emergency department without contacting the appropriate specialty: Location Risk Management : : : Medial triangle…

…down by three adults. Procedure Batteries and magnets A button battery in the nose or the ear canal is an emergency, not a finding that…

…acute hypertension mediated organ damage or not? A single blood pressure value does not define a hypertensive emergency. Even a blood pressure above 220/120…

…VF). It is primarily intended for use in an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of…

…effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug Enalaprilat Brand names Vasotec IV ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Acute left ventricular failure. Mechanism…

…drug manual for use in the CCU (coronary care unit), ICU (intensive care unit) or ER (emergency room). Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG…

…congestive heart failure. Angina pectoris. Hypertension, hypertensive crisis/emergency. Pulmonary hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroglycerin provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation…

…VF). It is primarily intended for use in an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of…

…chest pain: differential diagnoses, evaluation and management Chest pain is one of the most common symptoms in the emergency department, as well as in primary…

…drug manual for use in the CCU (coronary care unit), ICU (intensive care unit) or ER (emergency room). Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG…

…nearby, bystanders must respond immediately by summoning help (calling the emergency dispatch centre on the local emergency number) and initiate BLS (basic life support). BASIC…

…division of work between the ambulance service, the emergency department and the PCI laboratory may differ between Swedish regions. Always follow the local PCI and…

…in the uncontrolled emergency — but it should be changed or removed once the situation has stabilised. Preparation and equipment A central line set with a…

…Vomiting or diarrhoea, unable to keep tablets down Parenteral hydrocortisone. The patient must have an emergency injection at home Acute illness, trauma, surgery Parenteral hydrocortisone…

…sync mode no shock at all is then delivered while the patient deteriorates. Indications Emergency, irrespective of duration and anticoagulation status: Tachyarrhythmia with haemodynamic compromise:…

…and inotropic effects (Figure 1). What follows is a quick reference for their use in the emergency department, the intensive care or coronary care unit…

…been excluded. Indications Acute monoarthritis in which septic arthritis must be distinguished from crystal arthritis — the most important indication and an emergency procedure . An unclear…

…trauma, burns or status epilepticus when peripheral access fails or is judged futile. Children in an emergency, where peripheral venous access often takes too long…