…patients with a low to intermediate likelihood of CAD when cardiac troponin and/or the ECG is normal or inconclusive. The principal diagnostic strength of…

…recommended to complement ICA, particularly for intermediate non left main coronary stenoses. Myocardial ischaemia may occur despite the absence of significant epicardial obstruction. In patients…

…arteries, allowing ischemia to be detected during imaging. Exercise is the preferred method for inducing myocardial stress, as it provides additional diagnostic and prognostic information…

…to determine whether the patient is clinically unstable, identify life threatening diagnoses rapidly, and select a safe disposition and diagnostic strategy. Only a minority of…

…infarction Dyspnoea requires assessment of dynamic LV function, valve disease, pulmonary pressure, or haemodynamics Stress imaging is not recommended in patients undergoing urgent non cardiac…

…decision whether to perform it now or after imaging, how the patient is positioned, which needle is chosen, and that the tubes go to the…

…when the question is purely diagnostic and the target heart rate is needed for the test to be conclusive. For assessment of function and prognosis…

…during the initiation of an ACE inhibitor to prevent symptomatic hypotension. Diagnostics The source material does not cover specific diagnostic modalities such as ECG, imaging…

…as three times higher than in individuals without comparable renal impairment. The cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease…

…on the diagnostic method. Myocardial bridging has been identified in approximately 0.5–12% of angiographic series and up to 5–75% of CT series…

…syndrome Exercise ECG may be used in selected patients with suspected chronic coronary syndrome when the result is expected to influence diagnostic strategy or management…

…A patient with persistently mildly reduced systolic function. This dynamic nature makes prior imaging particularly important when interpreting a current LVEF of 41–49%. Diagnostic…

…likelihood of atherosclerotic obstructive CAD. CAC is therefore not merely an incidental imaging finding; it can refine the decision to test and may identify patients…

…reperfusion therapy. This approach fails to identify a substantial proportion of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who present without diagnostic ST elevation, often resulting…

…refer to Evaluation of coronary artery disease and angina pectoris). Yet, exercise stress testing provides a fundamental parameter that cannot be obtained by other imaging…

…of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates a nuanced, multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management. Over the past decade, the landscape of…

…Further diagnostic imaging solely because calcified plaque is present in an asymptomatic individual is not supported by the available evidence described here. Systematic screening of…

…enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging has demonstrated procedural injury in patients undergoing either procedure, and postprocedural cTnI elevation correlates with evidence of injury on cardiac…

…posterior circulation stroke is the most important dangerous differential diagnosis. Clear focal neurological findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central cause…

…attributable to the affected carotid territory. Recent neurological symptoms are particularly important in determining management. The benefit of carotid revascularisation is greatest in patients with…

…of an acute MI remains a comprehensive clinical diagnosis based on patient symptoms, ECG changes, highly sensitive biochemical markers, and information gleaned from various imaging…

…Often requires intravascular imaging to demonstrate an intramural haematoma or double lumen Type 1 is reported in fewer than one third of cases in the…

…dimensions/volumes to body surface area). Heart rate and blood pressure Heart rate and blood pressure have implications for Doppler studies and evaluation of hemodynamic…

…thrombi to develop over infarcted myocardium in either ventricle. With contemporary imaging, LV thrombus has been reported in as many as 15% of patients after…

…nucleus that often exhibits cavities, which consist of hemorrhages in the tumor. Polypoid myxoma usually causes haemodynamic complications due to obstruction. Papillary myxomas are small…

…patients with symptoms suggestive of CAD. SPECT imaging is recommended as the initial study in patients with low to moderate risk of CAD. In patients…

…not every patient with an initial STEMI pattern has myocardial infarction as the final diagnosis. The underlying process usually involves acute thrombotic obstruction of an…

…infarction Definition and pathophysiology Myocardial infarction (MI) is a clinical diagnosis that integrates myocardial injury, evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia, electrocardiographic findings, cardiac biomarkers, imaging…

…troponin identifies injury to myocardial cells, but infarction requires additional clinical evidence that the injury resulted from acute myocardial ischaemia. Thus, a patient may have…

…root morphology. Age stratified formulas help determine expected normal values based on body surface area (BSA), aiding in the diagnosis of aortic root dilation. Key…

…imaging has suggested that pathological Q waves may also arise due to extensive subendocardial infarction (NSTEMI). If pathological Q waves occur as a result of…

…occurs within the media without imaging evidence of an intimal tear or flap. AAS is classified anatomically according to involvement of the ascending aorta: Stanford…

…all used to examine various parameters. Three dimensional (3D) echocardiography has become increasingly common, and may be as precise as cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)…

…activity. This is partly due to the rise of cardiac imaging and invasive electrophysiological methods which allow for detailed in vivo studies of arrhythmias. However…

…Significant right to left shunt (e.g., Eisenmenger syndrome). Qp/Qs ≈ 1 : Normal, no significant shunt. Clinical Relevance of Shunt Fraction Diagnosis of Shunt Severity…

…yet to be discovered. Diagnosis of this syndrome is based on ECG, family history and clinical presentation. Patients present with syncope, early onset of atrial…

…or a combination of these symptoms. The diagnosis requires elevated levels of cardiac troponins. In addition to elevated troponins, the patient must display either symptoms…

…10 minutes of the diagnosis, if symptom duration is under 12 hours and there is no contraindication After successful fibrinolysis Transfer directly to a PCI…

…to the rectus sheath, and a cell count plus albumin on the sample. Indications Diagnostic paracentesis: Newly detected ascites — always. Every admission of a patient…

…stable patient The Wells criteria for pulmonary embolism: Criterion Points : : Clinical signs of deep vein thrombosis 3 Pulmonary embolism is the most likely diagnosis 3…

…plastic film or a dressing to protect an ulcer, and where needed a photoplethysmograph and a toe cuff. Preparation: The patient must have rested lying…

…to 15 min Ringer's acetate for hypotension or hypoperfusion, usually 500 mL as a rapid bolus, and a smaller bolus where the risk of…

…punch in a case of bullous dermatosis misses the subepidermal split. Choose the technique according to the diagnostic question, not according to what is quickest…

…spectrum of clinical presentations caused by suspected acute myocardial ischaemia. It includes patients with recent changes in symptoms or clinical signs, with or without diagnostic…

…central to diagnosis and long term management. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe the typical symptoms or symptom burden of uncomplicated…

…mm All patients Other leads Greater than or equal to 1 mm These criteria for the other leads apply in the absence of left ventricular…

…patients with LBBB and a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) $< 35%$, the implantation of a defibrillator or a CRT D is indicated to…

…65% of patients with metabolic syndrome. A substantial proportion develop metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis, which has a more prominent inflammatory component and may progress to…

…should be individualized according to the patient, device, procedure, and anticipated electrical environment. Preoperative evaluation Establish the nature and function of the device The following…

…or autopsy documents thrombosis and the diagnostic criteria used for type 1 myocardial infarction are fulfilled. The temporal relationship to stent implantation should always be…

…admission alone. Diagnosis Current diagnostic criteria According to the international consensus report of 2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis…

…slightly caudally, parallel to the posterior surface of the patella. The shoulder The patient sits with the arm hanging relaxed and slightly internally rotated. The…

…That question determines the diagnosis, and it is asked of a patient who is haemodynamically stable enough for there to be time to ask it…

…wrong treatment : Aortic dissection with haemopericardium — drainage can increase the bleeding and worsen the prognosis. The patient must go to cardiothoracic surgery. In profound shock…

…border of the fluid, but never below the ninth rib . Procedure Ultrasound localisation 1. Scan in the position in which the patient is to be…

…and procedural complexity. Overall incidence and major complications Complications during diagnostic coronary angiography occur in approximately 2% of patients. Serious events such as stroke and…

…analytical sensitivity improves diagnostic accuracy and negative predictive value in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Cardiac troponin is a marker of myocardial injury…

…metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA…

…according to the population and diagnostic criteria. MINOCA accounts for approximately 1–14% of ACS presentations in different series and approximately 5–10% of patients…

…Patients may continue to have lifestyle limiting symptoms despite guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT), prompting consideration of revascularization. The likelihood that symptoms are attributable to…