…commonly, retrograde. Distal re entry tears may allow blood to return to the true lumen, whereas disruption of the adventitia can result in rupture. An…

…the puncture, and antibiotics and a corticosteroid are then given immediately after blood cultures. For questions other than acute meningitis — an insidious onset, known malignancy…

…the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines the need for ventilatory…

CPR Hypoxia and asphyxiation Hypoxia refers to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia…

…and a thin fibrous cap. Disruption of the cap exposes the lipid core and extracellular matrix to circulating blood. Tissue factor within the plaque and…

…asthma. Severity in COPD Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation…

…and lowers the carbon dioxide. Pulmonary oedema calls for the former, a COPD exacerbation with carbon dioxide retention for the latter. The treatment is also…

…tachypnoea, cold periphery Almost always Pulsus paradoxus above 10 mmHg A fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration; one of the most useful signs Low…

…fan, paracetamol, cold infusions. A ventilator, an arterial line, a central venous catheter, ECG monitoring, blood gases. Drugs for sedation, analgesia and control of shivering…

…ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed available blood flow…

…and/or the coronary microcirculation. These abnormalities may produce a transient mismatch between myocardial oxygen demand and coronary blood supply, resulting in myocardial hypoperfusion or…

…therapy. The pathophysiology of myocardial infarction injury involves the overlapping of vulnerable plaque and thrombogenic blood, which are critical determinants for infarction occurrence and extension…

…mechanism. Sequential activation implies that the atria are activated first and they fill the ventricles with adequate volumes of blood before ventricular contraction commences. To…

…notably tissue factor and collagen, to the circulating blood [3] . Plaque Erosion: Responsible for up to 30% of ACS cases, plaque erosion is increasingly recognized…

…patient must have rested lying down for at least 10 minutes in a room at a comfortable temperature — a cold foot gives falsely low pressures…

…other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is needed for management. Cryoglobulinaemia, cold agglutinin disease, cold urticaria. Relative: Basal cell carcinoma…

…of new or increasing pain. Preparation and equipment Doppler for the ankle brachial index, blood pressure cuff. Lukewarm tap water or saline for cleansing, swabs…

…and the ability to take an arterial blood gas. An oxygen source with a flow meter, and equipment for humidification at high flows and during…

…joint. Known hypersensitivity to the preparations. Relative: Poorly controlled diabetes — expect a raised blood glucose for 2–5 days. Suspected or known tendon rupture. No…

…balanced crystalloid in the first instance. Give small boluses, for example 250 to 500 mL, with immediate reassessment of the blood pressure, pulse, peripheral perfusion…

…6°C (97.7 99.7°F). It arises when heat production or acquisition surpasses the body's capacity for heat elimination. Hyperthermia can induce an inflammatory…

…even with prolonged periods of no blood flow, due to the reduced metabolic rate that accompanies declining body temperature. For every 1°C reduction in body…

…reduction of coronary blood flow. Acute coronary syndromes are subdivided into STE ACS and NSTE ACS . STE ACS is the acronym for ST Elevation Acute…

…by the American Heart Association (AHA), American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the European Society for Cardiology (ESC). The chapter will start with basic concepts…

…patient. Continuous glucose monitoring reflects interstitial glucose and lags behind the blood glucose during rapid changes. Pressure on the sensor, for example during sleep, can…

…falling PaO2 Circulation A systolic blood pressure of 100 mmHg or less, a MAP below 65 mmHg, delayed capillary refill, cold or mottled skin Metabolism…

…lumen. Assessment for thrombus, distal embolization, abrupt closure, or perforation. Evaluation of distal flow and myocardial perfusion. Continuous assessment of ischemia, ventricular function, blood pressure…

…core from the flowing blood. While atherosclerosis progresses indolently and non linearly, often remaining asymptomatic for decades, it sets the anatomical and biochemical stage for…

…or after suturing over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture despite a normal…

…that distinguishes obstructive from restrictive impairment of lung function, and COPD cannot be diagnosed without it . The quality of the test determines its entire value…

…severe piperacillin–tazobactam 4 g × 4 IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or doxycycline…

…No treatment Low No treatment High 1 Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOAK 1 is considered for male patients with a score of 1 or more…

Calculators For details, refer to the chapter QT Duration and Corrected QT Interval. QTc Calculator Heart Rate QT Interval (in msec) Calculate QTc Values $…

…Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) : Indicates systemic atherosclerosis. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) : Associated with higher perioperative risk. Clinical Applications Personalized Decision Making : SYNTAX Score II…

…Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis)…

…Generally, adenosine is considered safe for patients with narrow complex tachycardia (NCT). Adenosine typically causes a short lasting second or third degree AV block which…

…prevalence figures are scarce). Indeed, the strongest risk factor for developing atrial fibrillation is age. Other significant risk factors are as follows: male sex, hypertension…

…propagated and reflected . Red waves represent sound waves that are generated when the vocal cords vibrate. Blue waves represent sound waves reflected by the object…

…and medications : A wide range of diseases and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive heart failure, lung disease (e.g COPD), fever, infections…

…in a formally unimpeachable way, and that the donor's organs are maintained physiologically for as long as the assessment takes. The task of the…

Akutsjukvård Psykiatri Lathundar Delirium in older adults: quick reference A quick reference for ward and on call physicians: recognise hypoactive delirium, stabilise the patient, work…

…disease (COPD). Dyspnea has been reported in patients treated with ticagrelor. Patients with a history of ischemic stroke can be treated with ticagrelor for up…

…and extracellular matrix beneath the endothelium. Plaques that are particularly prone to rupture characteristically contain: a large lipid rich core; abundant foam cells and macrophages…

…core formation and calcification. Neoatherosclerosis can contribute to both ISR and stent thrombosis. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is currently the most suitable imaging modality for…

…the device has been recently interrogated and whether any malfunction has been identified. Information should be obtained from the device identification card, the medical record…

…Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis)…

…typically ranges from 120 to 250 beats per minute. To fulfill the diagnostic criteria for EAT, the ventricular rate must exceed 100 beats per minute…

…and chronic. This article will focus on the former, as it has implications for all clinicians and the ECG. Acute pericarditis causes chest pain, which…