…preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine…

…Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of fluid management. Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation to the hand…

…and half of them have moderate or complicated defects; the remaining third have mild defects ( Baumgartner et al ). Approximately 40,000 children are born with…

…urgency varies: Object Urgency : : Button battery Immediately — leakage of fluid causes a chemical burn Two or more magnets (including in different nostrils) Immediately — pressure necrosis…

…Some factors vary from second to second (e.g. degree of ischemia, parasympathetic and sympathetic tone) while others take months or years to develop (e…

…low risk of pneumothorax Uncomfortable for an awake patient, harder to keep the dressing clean with a tracheostomy or copious secretions Subclavian vein Most comfortable…

…Relative Skin infection, herpes zoster or burns over the puncture site Relative Mechanical ventilation with a high PEEP (an increased risk of pneumothorax; ultrasound guidance…

…but the cannula kinks when the arm is flexed. The dorsum of the hand is suitable for finer cannulae. Avoid the lower limb in adults…

…level of consciousness not attributable to hypercapnia, marked swallowing difficulty, vomiting. Haemodynamic instability or a life threatening arrhythmia. Undrained pneumothorax. Facial trauma, facial burns or…

…temple, the accessory nerve in the posterior triangle of the neck, and the superficial nerves of the forearm and the dorsum of the hand. Preparation…

…spud or a 25–27 G needle on a 2 mL syringe as a handle. A low speed rust ring burr if one is available…

…saw, protective sheeting Hot water gives faster setting and more heat production — a risk of burns Document the distal neurovascular status before casting : sensation, motor…