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Transcutaneous and transvenous pacing

…dependent torsades de pointes. Standby pacing — pads applied but the device not switched on — in second degree AV block Mobitz type 2, newly discovered complete…

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

…These factors interact and vary over time. Some factors vary from second to second (e.g. degree of ischemia, parasympathetic and sympathetic tone) while others…

Arterial line

…ulnar pulse and a warm, well perfused hand carry more weight. Choice of vessel The radial artery is the first choice : superficial, easy to compress…

Eye examination and corneal foreign body

…the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second most important is to look for signs of perforation — Seidel's sign, an irregular pupil…

Peripheral venous cannula and intraosseous access

…times the flow of a fine needle, and collapsed veins mean that the fine needle is in addition the only one that will go in…

Foreign body in the ear and nose

…urgency varies: Object Urgency : : Button battery Immediately — leakage of fluid causes a chemical burn Two or more magnets (including in different nostrils) Immediately — pressure necrosis…

Central venous catheter

…dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted…

Pleural aspiration and chest drain

…the upper border of the rib, never at the lower border where the neurovascular bundle lies, and the drainage is stopped for coughing, chest pain…

CPAP and non-invasive ventilation (NIV)

…level of consciousness not attributable to hypercapnia, marked swallowing difficulty, vomiting. Haemodynamic instability or a life threatening arrhythmia. Undrained pneumothorax. Facial trauma, facial burns or…

Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…report. A shave biopsy of a pigmented lesion that turns out to be a melanoma can make the Breslow thickness unmeasurable and staging therefore impossible…

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