Procedurer The doses below apply to adults unless otherwise stated, and paediatric doses are given per kilogram with the stated maximum. Always check against the…

Referensvärden The normal values below apply to adults in sinus rhythm, recorded at a paper speed of 50 mm/s with 1 mV = 10…

Referensvärden The reference values below are taken from the consensus documents of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging…

Referensvärden The values below are starting points, not aims in themselves. Almost all of them have proved to work better as ranges to stay within…

Farmakologi & dosering Infektionssjukdomar Lathundar The doses below are taken from the Strama Stockholm recommendations 2025/2026 and are given for absolute eGFR in mL/min…

…Skin and soft tissue Diagnosis Agent Dose Duration : : : : Erysipelas phenoxymethylpenicillin 1 g × 3 (2 g × 3 if weight 90 kg) 10 days or benzylpenicillin 1…

CPR Accidental hypothermia Accidental hypothermia is defined as an unintentional decrease in body temperature to below 35°C. The lowest recorded body temperatures from which patients…

…the risk of missing abnormalities. The eight steps below go through the rhythm and then the waveforms one by one, and conclude with comparison against…

…be considered. The doses and Swedish thresholds below are based on the national guideline for the management of reperfusion treatment in ischaemic stroke, Nationell arbetsgrupp…

…around 46 % that at least one will fall outside. The ranges below are guide values for adults. The method and the laboratory determine the range —…

…made in the same systematic way as in adults, but against the age specific reference values below. Method of interpretation Heart rate Heart rhythm The…

…signs of acute organ damage or failure. Any of the drugs listed below may be used to treat hypertensive emergencies. The desired time to action…

…vasopressor and inotropic effects (Figure 1). Below follows a drug manual for use in the CCU (coronary care unit), ICU (intensive care unit) or ER…

…drugs that may prolong the QT interval, and cause torsade de pointes (TdP) and long QT syndrome (LQTS) is presented below. With regards to drugs…

…abdominal aortic diameter exceeds 3 cm. Most AAAs are located below the renal arteries and are related to atherosclerotic disease. At least 90% of AAAs…

…months and have health implications. Diagnostic criteria include an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 60 mL/min/1.73 m², excess urinary albumin excretion…

…and lead location, as detailed below [8, 10]: Patient Demographic Lead Group ST Elevation Threshold at J Point Men under 40 years V2 to V3…

…by the detailed article The normal electrocardiogram (ECG). A brief summary of that article is provided below. Summary of lecture The Normal ECG (EKG) waves…

…to reduce office systolic and diastolic blood pressure to below 140 mmHg and 90 mmHg, respectively, despite: Appropriate lifestyle measures; A renin–angiotensin system blocker…

…and arrhythmias caused by digoxin were discussed previously. Below follows a rather detailed declaration of ECG changes, arrhythmias and conduction defects that occur due to…

…of the occlusion, is clinically important. As discussed below, this information can aid in diagnosing ischemia and infarction and guide appropriate management strategies. For instance…

…ECG may be detrimental. The interpretation algorithm presented below is easy to follow and it can be carried out by anyone. The reader will gradually…

…signs of acute organ damage or failure. Any of the drugs listed below may be used to treat hypertensive emergencies. The desired time to action…

…vasopressor and inotropic effects (Figure 1). Below follows a drug manual for use in the CCU (coronary care unit), ICU (intensive care unit) or ER…

…and stress images to assess myocardial ischemia and infarction. The key steps in this process are outlined below. Image acquisition and evaluation Stress Imaging : Initially…

…article The normal electrocardiogram (ECG). A brief summary of the video lecture and the article is provided below. PR interval and PR segment The PR…

…threshold (Hb) : : Most stable adult inpatients, including intensive care 70 g/L Known cardiovascular disease, postoperatively after cardiac surgery 80 g/L Acute coronary syndrome…

…acidosis , that is, a pH below 7.35 and a PaCO₂ above 6.0 kPa despite optimal medical treatment with bronchodilators, steroids and controlled oxygen…

…physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient…

…wall. Glottic or subglottic obstruction — the mask sits above the obstruction and solves nothing. A mouth opening below about 2 cm. Extensive pharyngeal pathology: tumour…

…Ongoing anticoagulant treatment or marked coagulopathy. A platelet count below 50 × 10⁹/L is often quoted as the threshold, but the threshold varies between regions…

…which requires body plethysmography DLCO Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide An obstructive pattern: FEV₁/FVC below the lower limit of normal (traditionally < 0.70)…

…hour Neutropenia A neutrophil count below 0.5 × 10⁹/L, or below 1.0 × 10⁹/L with an expected fall to below 0.5 × 10⁹…

…until the saturation can be measured reliably. Conditions in which oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation (see below). Oxygen does not relieve breathlessness in…

…pleural effusion, whatever the aetiology. Chest drainage: empyema, complicated parapneumonic effusion with a pH below 7.20, haemothorax, a symptomatic or large pneumothorax, recurrent malignant…

…basal morning cortisol in the grey zone. A morning value below about 100 nmol/L strongly suggests insufficiency, and a value above about 350–400…

…and secondary brain injury. The doses in the treatment ladder below follow the Swedish local sequence given in the original article. International guidelines and studies…

…with frequent reassessment. Give blood according to the circulatory response and the transfusion principles below 6 Stop anticoagulants in serious ongoing bleeding. Reverse selectively according…

…or devitalised tissue that cannot be removed. A clinically infected wound. Heavily contaminated wounds where a long time has passed since the injury (see below)…

…the QRS morphology in V1, V2, V5 and V6 (see below). If the QRS morphology is compatible with ventricular tachycardia, then the diagnosis is ventricular…

…calculate this ratio, guiding clinical decisions about intervention or monitoring. Below, we outline the methodology and clinical applications of shunt fraction calculation. Echocardiographic Calculation of…

…2), cm 1.7–2.3 2.4–2.7 2.8–3.1 3.2 PA DIAMETER Below pulmonic valve (PA 1), cm 1…

…based approach because cardiovascular benefit from blood pressure reduction may also occur in selected people whose pressure is elevated but below the conventional hypertension threshold…

…of symptoms, with or without physical signs, and an LVEF below 40%. Signs may be absent in early disease or after effective treatment. HFrEF is…

…knowledge has been translated into remarkable advances in the management of coronary artery disease, as demonstrated in the figure below (from Nabel et al, NEJM…

…myocardial infarction occur in fewer than 1%, while mortality is generally below 0.1% in contemporary series. Reported risks vary according to the population and…

…to meaningful variability. HFmrEF may therefore represent several clinically distinct trajectories: A patient whose LVEF has improved from a previous value below 40%. A patient…

…the arch or descending aorta. In the DeBakey system: Type I: originates in the ascending aorta and extends through the arch, usually into the descending…

…artery disease (PAD). Figure 1 (below) shows weight loss effects of novel multi agonists in recent clinical trials (Rawshani et al). Recommended reading: MetDis Database…

…with lower ASCVD risk across the range studied, including concentrations below 1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL). The proportional reduction in cardiovascular risk is…

…Definition and pathophysiology Obesity is a chronic, relapsing and biologically complex disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. It is an important cause of…

…likelihood of clinically significant EMI is generally low, particularly with bipolar electrocautery performed away from the device and with monopolar electrocautery below the umbilicus. Nevertheless…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Clinical Rationale Physical activity comprises bodily movement that increases energy expenditure, including walking, household tasks, active commuting and recreational activities…

…Fridericia , Framingham and Hodges follow in the calculator below. Open the calculator → Normal values for QTc interval Bazett's formula is several decades old…

…the TP segment) are assigned positive polarity, while areas below the baseline are assigned negative polarity [3]. These measurements are then plotted as vectors along…

…Refer to Figure 13 for examples. Figure 14 below shows how to measure ST segment deviation. The following must be noted regarding the ST segment…

…particularly inverted T waves. Below follows a discussion which aims to clarify some of the common misunderstandings. All T waves are illustrated in Figure 18…

…term outcomes. Patients with low flow low gradient aortic stenosis (discussed below) have a 3 year survival rate of 50% ( Eleid et al ). The cause…

…The table below shows a systematic history taking in patients presenting with chest pain (chest discomfort) or other symptoms suggestive of the five conditions listed…

…hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below follows ECG tracings demonstrating each type of failure. Figure 1. Failure to pace…