Procedurer The doses below apply to adults unless otherwise stated, and paediatric doses are given per kilogram with the stated maximum. Always check against the…

Referensvärden The normal values below apply to adults in sinus rhythm, recorded at a paper speed of 50 mm/s with 1 mV = 10…

Referensvärden The reference values below are taken from the consensus documents of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging…

Referensvärden The values below are starting points, not aims in themselves. Almost all of them have proved to work better as ranges to stay within…

Farmakologi & dosering Infektionssjukdomar Lathundar The doses below are taken from the Strama Stockholm recommendations 2025/2026 and are given for absolute eGFR in mL/min…

Infektionssjukdomar Farmakologi & dosering Lathundar The doses below are taken from the recommendations of Strama Stockholm for the empirical antibiotic treatment of adults in hospital and…

CPR Accidental hypothermia Accidental hypothermia is defined as an unintentional decrease in body temperature to below 35°C. The lowest recorded body temperatures from which patients…

…the risk of missing abnormalities. The eight steps below go through the rhythm and then the waveforms one by one, and conclude with comparison against…

…be considered. The doses and Swedish thresholds below are based on the national guideline for the management of reperfusion treatment in ischaemic stroke, Nationell arbetsgrupp…

…around 46 % that at least one will fall outside. The ranges below are guide values for adults. The method and the laboratory determine the range —…

…made in the same systematic way as in adults, but against the age specific reference values below. Method of interpretation Heart rate Heart rhythm The…

…180 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥120 mmHg) with concurrent signs of acute organ damage or failure. Any of the drugs listed below may be…

…Figure 1). Below follows a drug manual for use in the CCU (coronary care unit), ICU (intensive care unit) or ER (emergency room). Careful electrocardiographic…

…drugs that may prolong the QT interval, and cause torsade de pointes (TdP) and long QT syndrome (LQTS) is presented below. With regards to drugs…

…abdominal aortic diameter exceeds 3 cm. Most AAAs are located below the renal arteries and are related to atherosclerotic disease. At least 90% of AAAs…

…below 60 mL/min/1.73 m², excess urinary albumin excretion—typically a spot urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) above 30 mg/g—or…

…detailed below [8, 10]: Patient Demographic Lead Group ST Elevation Threshold at J Point Men under 40 years V2 to V3 Greater than or equal…

…by the detailed article The normal electrocardiogram (ECG). A brief summary of that article is provided below. Summary of lecture The Normal ECG (EKG) waves…

…to below 140 mmHg and 90 mmHg, respectively, despite: Appropriate lifestyle measures; A renin–angiotensin system blocker; A calcium channel blocker; and A thiazide or…

…and arrhythmias caused by digoxin were discussed previously. Below follows a rather detailed declaration of ECG changes, arrhythmias and conduction defects that occur due to…

…of the occlusion, is clinically important. As discussed below, this information can aid in diagnosing ischemia and infarction and guide appropriate management strategies. For instance…

…ECG may be detrimental. The interpretation algorithm presented below is easy to follow and it can be carried out by anyone. The reader will gradually…

…180 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥120 mmHg) with concurrent signs of acute organ damage or failure. Any of the drugs listed below may be…

…Figure 1). Below follows a drug manual for use in the CCU (coronary care unit), ICU (intensive care unit) or ER (emergency room). Careful electrocardiographic…

…process are outlined below. Image acquisition and evaluation Stress Imaging : Initially performed using exercise or pharmacologic agents to elevate myocardial oxygen demand (or simulate increased…

…article The normal electrocardiogram (ECG). A brief summary of the video lecture and the article is provided below. PR interval and PR segment The PR…

…that determines the outcome. Indications Symptomatic anaemia, or a haemoglobin below the applicable transfusion threshold (see below). Ongoing bleeding with haemodynamic compromise, whatever the current…

…acidosis , that is, a pH below 7.35 and a PaCO₂ above 6.0 kPa despite optimal medical treatment with bronchodilators, steroids and controlled oxygen…

…seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour, collapse or an acute neurological deficit. Hypoglycaemia can cause hemiparesis, aphasia and radiological changes resembling ischaemic stroke. Glucose measurement…

…marked obesity or a stiff chest wall. Glottic or subglottic obstruction — the mask sits above the obstruction and solves nothing. A mouth opening below about…

…A known or suspected intracranial space occupying lesion with mass effect and midline shift. Ongoing anticoagulant treatment or marked coagulopathy. A platelet count below 50…

…which requires body plethysmography DLCO Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide An obstructive pattern: FEV₁/FVC below the lower limit of normal (traditionally < 0.70)…

…A neutrophil count below 0.1 × 10⁹/L An expected high risk course Neutropenia expected to last longer than 7 days, or shorter neutropenia with…

…the diagnosis alone. Indications Hypoxaemia: a saturation below the target range, or a PaO2 below 8 kPa on an arterial blood gas. Acute critical illness…

…Chest drainage: empyema, complicated parapneumonic effusion with a pH below 7.20, haemothorax, a symptomatic or large pneumothorax, recurrent malignant effusion (often combined with pleurodesis…

…or with suspected suppression of the HPA axis after long term glucocorticoid treatment. A basal morning cortisol in the grey zone. A morning value below…

…seizure lasting at least 5 minutes, or repeated generalised tonic clonic seizures without the patient regaining consciousness between them. Five minutes is the practical threshold…

…2]. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can present as haematemesis, coffee ground vomiting or melaena. Haematochezia can occur in massive upper bleeding with rapid intestinal transit. Coffee…

…or devitalised tissue that cannot be removed. A clinically infected wound. Heavily contaminated wounds where a long time has passed since the injury (see below…

…the QRS morphology in V1, V2, V5 and V6 (see below). If the QRS morphology is compatible with ventricular tachycardia, then the diagnosis is ventricular…

…accessible method to calculate this ratio, guiding clinical decisions about intervention or monitoring. Below, we outline the methodology and clinical applications of shunt fraction calculation…

…2), cm 1.7–2.3 2.4–2.7 2.8–3.1 3.2 PA DIAMETER Below pulmonic valve (PA 1), cm 1…

…above the hypertension threshold but non hypertensive home or ambulatory pressure. Masked hypertension: office pressure below the hypertension threshold but hypertensive home or ambulatory pressure…

…LVEF ≥50%). Patients with HFmrEF may represent individuals whose LVEF has improved from below 40% or has declined from at least 50%. This distinction is…

…knowledge has been translated into remarkable advances in the management of coronary artery disease, as demonstrated in the figure below (from Nabel et al, NEJM…

…myocardial infarction occur in fewer than 1%, while mortality is generally below 0.1% in contemporary series. Reported risks vary according to the population and…

…fraction (HFmrEF) is a clinical syndrome defined by the combination of symptoms and/or signs of heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)…

…propagates along the wall, creating a true lumen and a false lumen separated by an intimal flap. Propagation may be antegrade or, less commonly, retrograde…

…For patients with a BMI below 35 kg/m², direct assessments such as waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, or dual X ray absorptiometry are…

…with lower ASCVD risk across the range studied, including concentrations below 1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL). The proportional reduction in cardiovascular risk is…

…while BMI ≥50 kg/m2 has been termed super morbid obesity. BMI categories are summarized below. Weight status BMI (kg/m2) Obesity class Disease risk…

…and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices. Implantable loop recorders are diagnostic devices rather than pacing or defibrillation systems, but their stored data may also be…

…active commuting and recreational activities. Exercise is a more structured form of physical activity undertaken to maintain or improve physical fitness. Regular physical activity is…

…arrhythmias and therefore QT duration must always be assessed. QT prolongation may be congenital (due to genetic mutations) or acquired (secondary to medications, electrolyte disorders)…

…the TP segment) are assigned positive polarity, while areas below the baseline are assigned negative polarity [3]. These measurements are then plotted as vectors along…

…wave. Because of the long duration of the plateau phase most contractile cells are in this phase at the same time (more or less). Moreover…

…particularly inverted T waves. Below follows a discussion which aims to clarify some of the common misunderstandings. All T waves are illustrated in Figure 18…

…term outcomes. Patients with low flow low gradient aortic stenosis (discussed below) have a 3 year survival rate of 50% ( Eleid et al ). The cause…

…diagnosis or identify a few likely diagnoses. The table below shows a systematic history taking in patients presenting with chest pain (chest discomfort) or other…

…hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below follows ECG tracings demonstrating each type of failure. Figure 1. Failure to pace…