…In contemporary practice, ISR remains the most frequent cause of PCI failure, despite its substantially lower incidence with drug eluting stents (DES) than with bare…

…haemodynamics, not the volume of fluid. A litre that has accumulated slowly can be asymptomatic, while 150 mL collected over an hour causes tamponade. The…

…to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family history? A:…

…on the coronary arteries. The tumors can be asymptomatic for a long time and be detected randomly when investigating other conditions. More dramatic onset of…

…Routine gynaecological examination of asymptomatic women has not been shown to improve outcomes and is not part of the screening programme — screening consists of the…

…term hypertensive urgency is best avoided. It implies that an asymptomatic rise in blood pressure must be treated urgently, which is not supported by evidence…

…thresholds. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Most AAAs are asymptomatic and are identified either during routine abdominal examination or incidentally on imaging performed for another indication…

…More broadly, bradyarrhythmic arrest and asystole represent severe manifestations of impulse generation or conduction failure. The pathophysiology of these events may stem from reversible causes…

…and APS. Some patient groups have a two to three fold greater prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) than the general population. The evidence…

…sufficiently high for targeted screening to be cost effective. For asymptomatic stenosis of at least 70%, the reported 5 year ipsilateral stroke risk is 14…

…promote atherosclerosis. The principal anatomical distributions are: Abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, involved in approximately 30% of symptomatic patients. Femoral and popliteal arteries, involved in…

…presentation is notoriously heterogeneous, ranging from lifelong asymptomatic ECG anomalies to electrical storm and sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) as the index presentation. Over the past…

…the outer cell membrane. Clinical presentation of Brugada syndrome Most patients are asymptomatic until the age of 20 to 55 years. The disorder may manifest…

…young individuals. The severity of symptoms and presence of high risk arrhythmias on ECG guides the management of non acute or asymptomatic bradyarrhythmia. In patients…

…decades. Potential explanations for this trend include an ageing population, increased incidence and prevalence of cancer, heart failure, obesity, type 2 diabetes and physical inactivity…

…to adequately increase its automaticity during physical activity). Sinus arrest & sinus pause (intermittent failures to discharge impulses). Sinoatrial block (delayed or blocked impulse conduction between…

…serious arrhythmia or acute heart failure. Routine opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable and asymptomatic patient is by contrast not…

…5–7 mg/kg IV as a single dose Urosepsis with shock and suspected ESBL meropenem 1 g × 3 IV Do not treat asymptomatic bacteriuria…

…or with continued glucose administration adapted to the cause. 8. Identify drugs, renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor…

…cardiac arrest mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction. acute heart failure recurrent dynamic ST segment or T wave changes, particularly with intermittent ST segment elevation…

…and Management Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) There is overwhelming evidence that ACE inhibitors should be used in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with…

…pulse deficits, or visceral ischaemia. Approximately 25% of PAUs are discovered incidentally on imaging, although an incidental lesion may subsequently become symptomatic or progress. The

…Non acute heart failure in which an ischaemic or cardiometabolic cause is suspected. Selected asymptomatic individuals in whom coronary disease is detected incidentally or during…

…are available. Further diagnostic imaging solely because calcified plaque is present in an asymptomatic individual is not supported by the available evidence described here. Systematic…

…often occurring before age 30. Clinical presentation and symptoms Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia Many individuals with HeFH are asymptomatic until ASCVD develops. The clinical phenotype is…

…Because bradycardia and AV block can be paroxysmal, extended ambulatory monitoring is often required to capture symptomatic events. A typical 24 to 48 hour Holter…

…before ivabradine is considered. The evidence base included patients with symptomatic NYHA class II or III HFrEF, a previous heart failure hospitalisation, sinus rhythm and…

…thrombus is often asymptomatic and cannot be diagnosed reliably by examination alone. Assessment should include evaluation for: Hemodynamic instability or cardiogenic shock. Clinical heart failure…

…dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events. In clinical practice, obesity is conventionally defined by a body mass…

…PCI compared with medical therapy. Clinical presentation and symptoms A CTO may be asymptomatic and identified during angiography performed for another indication. When clinically significant…

…an occluded infarct related artery is not recommended in stable, asymptomatic patients without severe ischaemia. Evaluation and Physical Examination The initial evaluation should be structured…

…assessment. The clinical burden of AF does not reliably predict stroke risk. Infrequent episodes observed during office based assessments may coexist with asymptomatic episodes. Consequently…

…has declined. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The clinical spectrum of ACS is broad. Patients may be asymptomatic at presentation, have persistent chest discomfort, or present…

…in most Western populations. Individuals with bicuspid aortic valves may develop symptomatic aortic stenosis already at the age of 60 years. Bicuspid aortic valves also…

…suspicion of ARVC. The gradual loss of myocardium leads to ventricular dilation and right heart failure. Biventricular heart failure is less common. ECG in ARVC…

…left ventricular dysfunction, valve disease, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking…

…of the thrombus. This means that a patient who experienced chest pain at home may be asymptomatic during the assessment in the ER, only to…

…worldwide have hypertension. Symptoms of hypertension Hypertension is most often asymptomatic. The high prevalence and asymptomatic nature of the disease motivates liberal screening among adult

…where cells in the AV junction establish an escape rhythm. This is asymptomatic and benign. ECG criteria for junctional rhythm Regular ventricular rhythm with rate…

…the subendocardium during exercise; this manifests with ST segment depressions with upsloping ST segment during exercise but the person is asymptomatic). No changes on resting…

…in patients with ischemic heart disease, the majority of all ischemic episodes are asymptomatic (refer to The Ischemic Cascade). Acute coronary syndromes occur when atherosclerotic…

…flowing blood. While atherosclerosis progresses indolently and non linearly, often remaining asymptomatic for decades, it sets the anatomical and biochemical stage for sudden, life threatening…

…minute (bpm), which terminates spontaneously within 30 seconds [1] . While often asymptomatic, NSVT serves as a critical marker of arrhythmogenic risk, particularly in the setting…

…Haemarthrosis after trauma. A symptomatic effusion causing pain or restricted movement (therapeutic aspiration). Intra articular corticosteroid injection in verified inflammatory or osteoarthritis related joint disease…

…aspiration: a new pleural effusion of unclear cause. An effusion not confidently explained by heart failure must be aspirated. Suspected empyema or complicated parapneumonic effusion…

…non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage or death [3]. Acute overview 1…

…and it is the time to haemorrhage control that determines the outcome. Indications Symptomatic anaemia, or a haemoglobin below the applicable transfusion threshold (see below…

…in type 2 diabetes Usually type 2 diabetes, older age and a longer symptomatic course Consciousness Usually preserved, but may be impaired in severe DKA…

…cervical spine surgery, atlantoaxial instability, severe rheumatoid arthritis of the neck. Symptomatic carotid stenosis, recent stroke or TIA in the vertebrobasilar territory. Retinal detachment. Relative:…

…excitation with atrial fibrillation and a very rapid ventricular rate. Elective or subacute: Symptomatic persistent atrial fibrillation where rhythm control is the aim. Atrial flutter…

…48 hours, or ongoing unstable angina. Uncontrolled symptomatic arrhythmia. Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Decompensated heart failure. Acute pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis. Acute myocarditis…

…not to normalise the plasma sodium. Chronic or minimally symptomatic hyponatraemia must be corrected in a controlled fashion, since too rapid a rise can cause…

…Hypocalcaemia , symptomatic. Alkalosis increases the binding of calcium to albumin and lowers ionised calcium further; risk of tetany and seizures. Anuria or established renal failure…

…referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic, the condition is classified as sick sinus syndrome…

Cardiology Definition and classification Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements…

…coronary heart disease (CAD) and coronary artery disease (CHD) are synonyms. These terms refer to symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis. Traditional classification of coronary artery disease Traditionally…

…particularly high risk of developing life threatening arrhythmias. Antiarrhythmic drugs Disopyramide Indications Prophylaxis and treatment of symptomatic ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Prophylaxis and treatment of atrial fibrillation…

…coronary heart disease (CAD) and coronary artery disease (CHD) are synonyms. These terms refer to symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis. Traditional classification of coronary artery disease Traditionally…

…DrugBank search Aclarubicin Acrivastine QT prolongation has been described (see PubMed link). An antihistamine agent used for the symptomatic relief of seasonal allergic rhinitis, rhinorrhea…

…precipitating factors such as anaemia, uncontrolled hypertension, thyrotoxicosis, tachyarrhythmia, uncontrolled heart failure, and concomitant valvular disease. Risk factor modification, physical activity, dietary and lifestyle measures…