…treatment effect and of disease progression. Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease, for example rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma, and during treatment with pulmonary toxic…

…meticulous assessment of vital signs is crucial. Exceptionally high survival rates have been documented in cases of accidental hypothermia followed by cardiac arrest. For unwitnessed…

…Risk assessment in known coronary or cerebrovascular disease. Follow up after vascular surgery or endovascular intervention. Assessment of healing potential in ulcers and before deciding…

…a class 2–3 compression stocking. Tape measure for ankle circumference — this governs the choice of material and bandaging technique. Procedure Assessment 1. History: duration…

Echocardiography Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function Methods for evaluating left ventricular diastolic function have evolved considerably in the past two decades. Currently recommended…

…stenosis severity is a poor surrogate for the hemodynamic significance of a coronary lesion, with anatomic and functional assessment discordant in a substantial minority of…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Introduction Clinical assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) requires integration of symptoms, cardiovascular risk, coronary anatomy, myocardial ischaemia, ventricular function…

…cardiac arrest and the post resuscitation period, assessment of the PLR has long been considered for its prognostic implications. Clinicians often check pupil size and…

…part of the initial stroke assessment [1]. Treat immediately when there are symptoms and a low glucose. Do not wait for the venous laboratory result…

…Indications for exercise stress test Indications have been discussed in Introduction to Exercise ECG. The most common indications are as follows: Assessment of cardiovascular risk…

…TIMI risk score for ST elevation myocardial infarction: A convenient, bedside, clinical score for risk assessment at presentation: An intravenous nPA for treatment of infarcting…

…TIMI risk score for ST elevation myocardial infarction: A convenient, bedside, clinical score for risk assessment at presentation: An intravenous nPA for treatment of infarcting…

…recommended. Warfarin after individual assessment Rule of thumb for the monitoring interval: eGFR divided by 10 gives the number of months until the next check…

…non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract Diagnosis Agent Dose…

…continuous ECG monitoring and early assessment of the need for dialysis ECG changes or serious neuromuscular symptoms mean a high risk even if the plasma…

…from a previously low level can cause organ damage at lower values, for example in pregnancy, acute glomerular disease or scleroderma renal crisis [1,2]…

…ABCDE Step Assessment and action : : A Assess the airway, the pharyngeal reflexes, vomiting and secretions. Suction and give oxygen as needed. Intubate for a threatened…

Cardiology Definition and purpose Cardiovascular risk assessment estimates an individual’s probability of experiencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) over a defined period. SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older…

…temporal association is present; contrast induced AKI should be reserved for the smaller subgroup in which iodinated contrast is considered causally responsible. This distinction is…

…penetration, generally allowing assessment several millimetres beyond the lumen and visualization of the external elastic membrane (EEM). IVUS is consequently useful for determining vessel size…

…High Obesity 35.0–39.9 II Very high Extreme obesity ≥40 III Extremely high BMI is useful for screening and population level risk estimation…

…Skin symptoms may be absent, and circulatory shock does not have to be present for the condition to be serious [1]. Intramuscular adrenaline (epinephrine) is…

…failure. A peripheral venous blood gas is easier to obtain and can often be used for an initial assessment of pH and the metabolic component…

…and repeated assessment of the circulation and breathing 2 Assess whether the patient has sepsis, septic shock, or a need for high dependency or intensive…

…Clinical probability in the stable patient The Wells criteria for pulmonary embolism: Criterion Points : : Clinical signs of deep vein thrombosis 3 Pulmonary embolism is the…

…a rapid targeted assessment is made. If the suspicion persists, antibiotics must be given within three hours. The evidence for an absolute one hour requirement…

…not wait for laboratory results, CT or EEG before the first dose of benzodiazepine is given. Airway, breathing and circulation Perform an ABCDE assessment and…

…Definition and pathophysiology A chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a complete or nearly complete coronary arterial obstruction that has persisted for at least 30 days…

…provide useful activity for individuals who are reluctant to undertake formal exercise. Increasing movement during daily living is a practical initial strategy. Assessment Before Prescription…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction The ECG in the assessment of myocardial reperfusion The ECG is an invaluable tool to assess whether an occlusion has…

…is normal or low. Clinical Significance Non HDL C is strongly associated with cardiovascular risk for both initial and on treatment assessment. In most studies…

…Assessment of prolapse. Sampling for a suspected sexually transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be tested on urine or a self taken vaginal sample…

…Previous chapters have discussed several methods for assessment of global and regional ventricular function. Assessment of regional wall motion is an integral aspect of virtually…

Visual assessment of regional wall motion (left ventricle) TYPE OF MOTION DEFINITION WALL MOTION SCORE Normal Normal thickening (typically 30% thickening from end diastole to…

…burden. Assessment of the size, mass, geometry, and function of the left ventricle is fundamental for the diagnosis and prognosis of most cardiac diseases, including…

[calc_aorta] Sinus of Valsalva (SOV) and Aortic Root Assessment The sinus of Valsalva diameter (SOVd) is a critical measurement in evaluating aortic root morphology…

Echocardiography Diastolic function and echocardiographic assessment The importance of systolic function can be understood on an intuitive basis. Consider the fact that the left ventricle…

…mass is a flawed proxy for ventricular systolic function and load. The mass is, however, an important parameter in the assessment of ventricular hypertrophy and…

Akutsjukvård Psykiatri Lathundar Delirium in older adults: quick reference A quick reference for ward and on call physicians: recognise hypoactive delirium, stabilise the patient, work…

[calc_mdrd] The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation for estimating the Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) is: eGFR = 175 × (Scr)^ 1…

…most consistent contemporary role is therefore the assessment of functional capacity, symptoms, haemodynamic responses, arrhythmias and prognosis, with diagnostic interpretation reserved for appropriately selected patients…

…QTc) duration ECG interpretation always includes an assessment of the QT interval (QT duration). The QT duration represents the total time for depolarization and repolarization…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The normal T wave Assessment of the T wave represents a difficult but fundamental part of ECG interpretation. The normal…

…a distinct disease. It identifies patients whose blood pressure remains uncontrolled despite intensive antihypertensive treatment and who therefore require assessment for pseudo resistance, secondary hypertension…

…commonly mitral stenosis). Simultaneous tricuspid regurgitation is also common. Echocardiography Echocardiography has replaced catheterization for the assessment of tricuspid stenosis. Yet, there is no consensus…

…Aspirate and biopsy answer different questions and do not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and genetics…

…in a formally unimpeachable way, and that the donor's organs are maintained physiologically for as long as the assessment takes. The task of the…

…As of 2025, it is recommended to use the CHA₂DS₂ VA score for stroke risk assessment in atrial fibrillation patients. By excluding the sex parameter…

…combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including: Unstable angina (UA…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Clinical Context Blood pressure management in older adults must account for chronological age, biological age, frailty, multimorbidity, cognitive status, functional…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…and scope Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to…

…ranging from health screening to assessment of symptoms after coronary artery bypass surgery. Traditionally, the most common indication for exercise stress testing has been the…

…generally sufficient for the assessment of pH and bicarbonate. An arterial blood gas is needed mainly when concomitant respiratory failure or an exact assessment of…

…than mild. 6. Assess the indication for antibiotics on the basis of sputum purulence, the other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7…

…Extreme dipper 20 % Also unfavourable, particularly in the elderly An abnormal 24 hour rhythm should prompt investigation for sleep apnoea, renal disease and secondary hypertension…

…then the right course, not RSI. Assess the airway first LEMON for a rapid bedside assessment: Letter Assessment : : L ook Facial trauma, beard, prominent incisors…

…without assessment, when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs is made without reduction for…

…the HAS BLED Score The HAS BLED score is an acronym that stands for: H ypertension A bnormal renal/liver function S troke B leeding…

…renal function, left ventricular ejection fraction) to provide a more personalized risk assessment. Key Variables in SYNTAX Score II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the…